Based on the archaeological analysis of the spatial temporal distribution of the Yangshao Age to Western Zhou Dynasty ’s settlement sites in the Yulin area，Shaanxi Province，this paper approaches relationships between the settlement distribution and the environmental change. In this area the Holocene climate showed a significant fluctuation，which was evidently reflected in the prosperity and decline of human activity. However，when temperature and precipitation decreased around 5～4 ka B.P.，human culture developed and prospered greatly，showing that besides a suitable environment，the social development law itself is important for the prosperity of human culture. The Holocene human culture development in the area can be divided into three phases.