The Renzhanshi copper deposit in central Yunnan Province lies in the Proterozoic copper-polymetallic belt of Sichuan and Yunnan Provinces. This paper mainly presents geological characteristics of the orebody, petrological and mineralogical characteristics of copper ore, mineral formation order and symbiotic and accountable relationship. Based on these real data, and in combination with general comparative study, the genesis of the Renzhanshi copper deposit was discussed. The result shows that this copper deposit occurs in off-white thick-bedded dolomite of the Qinglongshan Formation, enriched by hydrothermal alteration in the Jinning period after metamorphism of ore beds in a rift sedimentary basin environment of the Middle Proterozoic. It can be attributed to the “Dongehuan type” that is sedimentary-metamorphic superimposed by the hydrothermal alteration type deposit.