Atmospheric CO2 uptake by the chemical weathering of river basins was reviewed based on pioneering works. The chemical weathering of continents is the key linkage connecting the major carbon pools in the Earth. The chemical weathering of rocks especially of silicate rocks constitutes a major carbon sink in the global biogeochemical cycles on a geological time scale which is an important surficial geological process that regulates the Earth’s climate and makes the global changes relatively smooth. The geological carbon sequestration potential of chemical weathering of rocks in humid tropical and subtropical areas is about the mean annual fixing of 55 kg CO2 per capita of China which offsets partially the carbon emissions in China.