A 28-year observational study of urinary cadmium and β₂-microglobulin concentrations in inhabitants in cadmium-polluted areas in Japan

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• 作者：Hoang Duc Phuc ; Teruhiko Kido ; Ho Dung Manh ; Le Thai Anh ; Nguyen Thi Phuong Oanh ; Rie Okamoto ; Akie Ichimori ; Kazuhiro Nogawa ; Yasushi Suwazono and Hideaki Nakagawa
• 刊名：Journal of Applied Toxicology
• 出版年：2016
• 出版时间：December 2016
• 年：2016
• 卷：36
• 期：12
• 页码：1622-1628
• 全文大小：378K
• ISSN：1099-1263

文摘

The biological half-life of cadmium (Cd) is as long as 10–30 years. Exposure to this element induces renal tubular dysfunction, which is considered irreversible. β₂-microglobulin (β₂-MG) is a low-molecular-weight protein, and urinary β₂-MG is one of the most useful and critical indicators for the early detection of renal tubular dysfunction. However, very little research has been published concerning the long-term observation of Cd-induced adverse health effects. As such, this follow-up study was conducted for 28 years to clarify the relationship between the concentration of Cd and β₂-MG in the urine of 28 inhabitants (14 male and 14 female) living in the Kakehashi River basin, Ishikawa prefecture (Japan), previously one of the most highly Cd-polluted regions in this country. All subjects were over 60 years old in 2014 and participated in all six health examinations conducted over 28 years (1986–2014). Urine was collected at the appropriate time and kept frozen to analyze urinary Cd and β₂-MG concentrations. The urinary Cd concentration was found to decrease by nearly half between 1986 and 2008 in both male and female subjects, whereas it increased significantly from 2008 to 2014 in males. In contrast, urinary β₂-MG concentrations tended to increase over the 28-year study period in both sexes. Urinary Cd and β₂-MG concentrations in females were significantly higher than those in males in this Cd-polluted region. Age is more strongly associated with urinary β₂-MG concentration than recent Cd body burden. Copyright