Synergistic proinflammatory interactions of microbial toxins and structural components characteristic to moisture-damaged buildings

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• 作者：M. Korkalainen ; M. Tä ; ubel ; J. Naarala ; P. Kirjavainen ; A. Koistinen ; A. Hyvä ; rinen ; H. Komulainen and M. Viluksela
• 刊名：Indoor Air
• 出版年：2017
• 出版时间：January 2017
• 年：2017
• 卷：27
• 期：1
• 页码：13-23
• 全文大小：1424K
• ISSN：1600-0668

文摘

Indoor exposure to microbes and their structural and metabolic compounds is notoriously complex. To study proinflammatory interactions between the multiple microbial agents, macrophages derived from human THP-1 monocytic cells were exposed to several concentrations of microbial toxins alone (emodin, enniatin B, physcion, sterigmatocystin, valinomycin) and in combination with microbial structural components (bacterial lipopolysaccharide [LPS] or fungal β-glucan). While the expression of proinflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-1β to single toxins alone was modest, low-dose co-exposure with structural components increased the responses of emodin, enniatin B, and valinomycin synergistically, both at the mRNA and protein level, as measured by RT-qPCR and ELISA, respectively. Co-exposure of toxins and β-glucan resulted in consistent synergistically increased expression of several inflammation-related genes, while some of the responses with LPS were also inhibitory. Co-exposure of toxins with either β-glucan or LPS induced also mitochondrial damage and autophagocytosis. The results demonstrate that microbial toxins together with bacterial and fungal structural components characteristic to moisture-damaged buildings can have drastic synergistic proinflammatory interactions at low exposure levels.