Health impact assessment of a reduction in ambient PM_2.5 levels in Spain

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• 作者：Elena Boldo^a ; ^b ; ^{eiboldo@isciii.es} ; Cristina Linares^a ; ^b ; ^{clinares@isciii.es} ; Julio Lumbreras^c ; ^{julio.lumbreras@upm.es} ; Rafael Borge^c ; ^{rborge@etsii.upm.es} ; Adolfo Narros^c ; ^{anarros@iqi.etsii.upm.es} ; Javier Garc&#xed ; a-P&#xe9 ; rez^a ; ^b ; ^{jgarcia@isciii.es} ; Pablo Fern&#xe1 ; ndez-Navarro^a ; ^b ; ^{pfernandezn@isciii.es} ; Beatriz P&#xe9 ; rez-Gó ; mez^a ; ^b ; ^{bperez@isciii.es} ; Nuria Aragon&#xe9 ; s^a ; ^b ; ^{naragones@isciii.es} ; Rebeca Ramis^a ; ^b ; ^{rramis@isciii.es} ; Marina Poll&#xe1 ; n^a ; ^b ; ^{mpollan@isciii.es} ; Teresa Moreno^d ; ^{teresa.moreno@idaea.csic.es} ; Angeliki Karanasiou^d ; ^{angeliki.karanasiou@idaea.csic.es} ; Gonzalo Ló ; pez-Abente^a ; ^b ; ^{glabente@isciii.es}
• 关键词：Environmental pollution ; Particulate matter ; Mortality ; Risk benefit assessment ; Software tool
• 刊名：Environment International
• 出版年：2011
• 出版时间：February 2011
• 年：2011
• 卷：37
• 期：2
• 页码：342-348
• 全文大小：1894 K

文摘

Background

Health effects linked to exposure to high air pollutant levels have been described in depth, and many recent epidemiologic studies have also consistently reported positive associations between exposure to air pollutants at low concentrations (particularly PM_2.5) and adverse health outcomes.

Objective

To estimate the number of avoidable deaths associated with reducing PM_2.5 levels in Spain.

Materials and methods

For exposure assessment, we used the US Environmental Protection Agency's Community Multiscale Air Quality model to simulate air pollution levels with a spatial resolution of 18 × 18 km². Two different scenarios were compared, namely, a baseline 2004 scenario based on Spain's National Emissions Inventory and a projected 2011 scenario in which a reduction in PM_2.5 was estimated on the basis of the benefits that might be attained if specific air quality policies were implemented. Using an 18 × 18 km² grid, air pollution data were estimated for the entire Iberian Peninsula, the Balearic Islands, Ceuta and Melilla. For these strata, crude all-cause mortality rates (ICD-10: A00-Y98) were then calculated for the over-30 and 25–74 age groups, taking into account the 2004 population figures corresponding to these same age groups, selected in accordance with the concentration–response functions (Pope CA 3rd, Burnett RT, Thun MJ, Calle EE, Krewski D, Ito K et al. Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. JAMA 2002; 287:1132–41; Laden F, Schwartz J, Speizer FE, Dockery DW. Reduction in fine particulate air pollution and mortality: extended follow-up of the Harvard Six Cities study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 173:667–72.). Health impacts were assessed using the Environmental Benefits Mapping and Analysis Program (BenMAP).

Results

Air quality improvement was defined as an average annual reduction of 0.7 μg/m³ in PM_2.5 levels. Using long-term health impact assessment analysis, we estimated that 1720 (673–2760) all-cause deaths (6 per 100,000 population) in the over-30 age group and 1450 (780–2108) all-cause deaths (5 per 100,000 population) in the 25–74 age group could be prevented annually.

Conclusions

The results showed the potential benefits in general mortality which could be expected if pollution control policies were successfully implemented by 2011. A specifically adapted BenMAP could be used as a tool for estimating health impacts associated with changes in air pollution in Spain.