Osmotic versus conventional membrane bioreactors integrated with reverse osmosis for water reuse: Biological stability, membrane fouling, and contaminant removal
OMBR-RO and MBR-RO produced high quality water for reuse applications. Fate and transport of TrOCs differed considerably between these two hybrid systems. Different RO membrane fouling behaviours were observed in OMBR-RO and MBR-RO. RO membrane fouling was significantly less in OMBR-RO than in MBR-RO. Illumina sequencing revealed different microbial dynamic changes in OMBR and MBR.