The defects and carrier density can be tailored by fine tuning the ratio of Zn/Sn.
The carrier density of CZTSe solar cells increases with the ratio of Zn/Sn.
High density of deep level defects exists in Zn-poor CZTSe solar cells.
The optimal ratio of Zn/Sn for CZTSe solar cells is close to 1.0.
The best CZTSe solar cell achieves 10.2% efficiency with Zn/Sn=1.02.