The early G2/M checkpoint is an important factor for the low dose HRS response to heavy ions.
The early G2/M checkpoint can be observed in ATM deficient cells under low doses of heavy ion beams.
The ATR pathway plays a pivotal role in the early G2/M checkpoint of ATM-deficient cells following heavy ion radiation.
The ATR pathway was activated in a dose- and LET-dependent manner.
The ATR pathway cooperates with ATM in low dose hypersensitivity induced by carbon ion beam.