Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) was used to map membrane permeability of T24 cells under Cd2+ stress.
Depth scan SECM imaging generating 2D current maps of live cells relative to electrode position in the x–z or y–z plane.
Full 3D models were developed for the SECM system of live cells.
Experimental probe approach curves to any location above the cell membrane are usable.
The Cd2+ was found to activate cell apoptosis, with cells shrinking in size and the membrane permeability decreasing.