Electrodialysis of highly concentrated brines: Effects of calcium

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• 作者：Thomas D. Hayes^a ; Blaine F. Severin^b ; ^{bfseverin@hotmail.com}
• 关键词：Electrodialysis ; Shale gas flowback ; Seawater ; Sodium chloride ; Calcium ; Demineralization ; Separations ; Produced water ; Fouling prevention
• 刊名：Separation and Purification Technology
• 出版年：2017
• 出版时间：24 March 2017
• 年：2017
• 卷：175
• 期：Complete
• 页码：443-453
• 全文大小：1650 K
• 卷排序：175

文摘

Calcium affects the ion transfer efficiency of electrodialysis. The major interference appears to be within the cathode cell. Acid treatment of the electrolyte reverses the detrimental effects of calcium. A boundary membrane selective against multivalent cations mitigates interference. Interference appears to be precipitation on the electrolyte side of the membrane.