We assessed the interactions between microglia and interneurons in the olfactory bulb (OB) following acute inflammation induced by either sensory deafferentation or intranasal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration. Microglia engulfed more adult-born neurons in the deafferented OB compared to sham counterparts. These data suggest a key role of microglia in activity-associated shaping of neuronal connexions.