Dehydroascorbic acid for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke

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• 作者：Reynold Spector ; ^{mspec007@gmail.com" class="auth_mail" title="E-mail the corresponding author}
• 关键词：AA ; ascorbic acid ; BBB ; blood&ndash ; brain barrier ; BDNF ; brain-derived neurotrophic factor ; BP ; blood pressure ; C ; cytosine ; CSF ; cerebrospinal fluid ; DHAA ; dehydroascorbic acid ; GLP ; Good Laboratory Practices ; GSH ; glutathione ; GSSH ; oxidized glutathione ; iNOS ; inducible nitric oxide synthetase ; MCA ; middle cerebral artery ; OHMeC ; hydroxymethylcytosine ; ROS ; reactive oxygen species ; SVCT ; sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter ; TET ; ten-eleven translocation enzymes ; tPA ; tissue plasminogen acti
• 刊名：Medical Hypotheses
• 出版年：2016
• 出版时间：April 2016
• 年：2016
• 卷：89
• 期：Complete
• 页码：32-36
• 全文大小：256 K

文摘

In animal models of acute ischemic stroke, intravenous dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA), unlike ascorbic acid (AA), readily enters brain and is converted in both normal and ischemic brain into protective ascorbic acid. When given parenterally DHAA minimizes infarct volume and facilitates functional recovery. I hypothesize the same effect will occur in humans with acute ischemic stroke. Efficacy in reducing infarct volume is demonstrable in mice and rats even when DHAA is infused three hours after the experimental infarct. Moreover, there is fivefold mechanistic rational for DHA beside excellent pharmacokinetics and rapid penetration of brain and conversion to protective AA: (1) in ischemic brain, there is a precipitous decline in AA which can be reversed by intravenous DHAA; (2) after reduction of DHAA to AA in both normal and ischemic brain, AA can reduce oxidized vitamin E and glutathione, other protectors of brain against damaging reactive oxygen species which build up in ischemic brain; (3) AA itself can protect brain against damaging reactive oxygen species; (4) AA is an essential cofactor for several enzymes in brain including ten-eleven translocase-2 which upregulates production of protective molecules like brain-derived neurotrophic factor; and (5) DHAA after conversion to AA prevents both lipid oxidation and presumably oxidation of other labile substances (e.g., dopamine) in ischemic brain. In terms of safety, based on all available animal information, DHAA is safe in the proposed dosing regimen. For human clinical trials, the methodology for conducting the proposed animal safety, clinical pharmacology and phase II efficacy studies is straightforward. Finally, if DHAA preserved brain substance and function in humans, it could be employed in pre-hospital stroke patients.