Addition of Manidipine Improves the Antiproteinuric Effect of Candesartan in Hypertensive Patients With Type II Diabetes and Microalbuminuria

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• 作者：Roberto Fogari ; Luca Corradi ; Annalisa Zoppi ; Pierangelo Lazzari ; Amedeo Mugellini ; Paola Preti ; Andrea Rinaldi
• 关键词：Microalbuminuria ; diabetes ; hypertension ; candesartan ; manidipine
• 刊名：American Journal of Hypertension
• 出版年：2007
• 出版时间：October 2007
• 年：2007
• 卷：20
• 期：10
• 页码：1092-1096
• 全文大小：88 K

文摘

Determination of left atrial (LA) size is important in clinical decision-making. The LA anteroposterior dimension (APD) has been routinely reported as LA size assessment. Early studies indicated that the APD may have limited accuracy in quantification. Conventional 3-dimensional reconstruction (C3DR) of the LA has been validated. However, its process is time-consuming and not applicable for daily practice. To explore an accurate and practical approach, we compared different echocardiographic measurements with C3DR in 141 patients with different LA sizes.

Methods and results

LA size was measured with (1) the cubic equation with APD (Cub); (2) the ellipsoidal formula (Ellp); (3) biplane modified Simpson rule (biplane); and (4) simplified 3-dimensional reconstruction from 3 standard apical views with B spline interpolation (S3VR). All four methods were compared with C3DR. S3VR and biplane methods provided a close agreement to C3DR (y = 0.94x + 3.6, r = 0.95, SEE = 7.6 mL, mean DIFFERENCE = −1.3 % for S3VR; y = 0.87x + 2.9, r = 0.91, SEE = 9.0 mL, mean DIFFERENCE = −9.4 % for biplane). The Cub and Ellp calculations were less accurate, with significant volume underestimation (P < .001).

Conclusions

LA single dimension is not accurate for LA size measurement. Among four different methods of LA size measurement, biplane and S3VR provide the closest agreement to C3DR. The biplane, which is readily applicable with current echocardiographic equipment, should be routinely applied in clinical practice.