DSSC performance is investigated using photoanodes of doped and La3+ surface treated TiO2.
TiO2 and Mg–TiO2 treated with La3+ absorbed less visible light.
A high concentration of absorbed oxygen on surface treated oxides reduced band bending.
Increased surface free energy in the modified DSSC anodes is caused more by Mg2+ at Ti4+ than by La3+ at the surfaces.
Near surface charge traps due to La3+ treatment promotes e–h recombination.