Emulsions formed by membrane emulsification are used for an experimental co-stabilisation study.
Co-stabilisation arising from Interactions of both electrostatic and steric stabilised nanoparticles with different types of surfactant are reported.
Two distinct co-stabilisation mechanisms of nanoparticles and surfactants are identified.
Competitive adsorption kinetics or Gibbs Marangoni equilibrium play the key role in the co-stabilisation.