文摘
From 60 studies, 56 opportunity costs, 21 transaction & implementation costs, and 23 total costs were compared. Only four comparable estimates of direct monetary benefits were found and compared. On average, total REDD+ cost ($24.87/tCO2e) was 2.23 times higher than the opportunity cost. On average, opportunity cost was 3.28 times higher than the transaction and implementation costs. REDD+ costs and benefits studies should provide estimates of all relevant costs and benefits.