10 mol% GDC modified the surface composition of YSZ-(110) crystal substrates.
Doped surface layer enabled strain-induced nucleation of nanostructures at 1100 °C.
Nanostructures emanate outwards from the deposited 10 mol% GDC source material.
Bone ECM reveals highly oriented nanoscale grooved structure.
hFOB cells responded positively to nanostructures prepared by the powder method.