Interfacial reaction in Ni/SnAg solder/Ni system under thermal gradient.
Growth rate of Ni3Sn4 at cold end is faster than that at hot end.
Critical length-temperature gradient product at hot end is 489.2 μm°C/cm at 260 °C.
Velocity of Ni3Sn4 moving interface is 0.134 μm/h during dynamic equilibrium.
Molar heat of transport (Q*) of Ni in molten SnAg was +0.76 kJ/mol.