Effect of sulfidogenesis process on sludge re-granulation was firstly studied. UASB reactor operated stably at COD/SO42− ratios ≥2 with efficient removal of COD and sulfate. Sulfidogenesis diversified microbial community, invoking the formation of [-Fe-EPS-]n network. Enriched microbial structure and well-developed [-Fe-EPS-]n facilitated sludge re-granulation.