Distribution Patterns of Brominated, Chlorinated, and Phosphorus Flame Retardants with Particle Size in Indoor and Outdoor Dust and Implications for Human Exposure

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• 作者：Zhiguo Cao ; Fuchao Xu ; Adrian Covaci ; Min Wu ; Haizhu Wang ; Gang Yu ; Bin Wang ; Shubo Deng ; Jun Huang ; Xiaoyan Wang
• 刊名：Environmental Science & Technology
• 出版年：2014
• 出版时间：August 5, 2014
• 年：2014
• 卷：48
• 期：15
• 页码：8839-8846
• 全文大小：584K
• ISSN：1520-5851

文摘

Dust samples were collected in Beijing, China, from four different indoor microenvironments (office, hotel, kindergarten, and student dormitory) and one outdoor (road dust) microenvironment. These five composite samples were fractionated into 13 sequential size fractions and an individual fraction of <50 渭m for further analysis. In the fractions of <50 渭m, nine phosphorus flame retardants (鈭慞FRs), four novel brominated flame retardants (鈭慛BFRs), and two Dechlorane Plus isomers (DPs) showed the highest concentrations in hotel dust (124鈥?00 ng g^鈥?), dormitory dust (14鈥?00 ng g^鈥?), and kindergarten dust (231 ng g^鈥?), respectively. Nevertheless, nine polybrominated diphenyl ethers (鈭慞BDEs) were the dominant flame retardants (FRs) (96% of total FRs) in road dust, with the maximum concentration of 23鈥?00 ng g^鈥?, higher than in any indoor dust. The FR contamination varied strongly among different types of microenvironments, leading to high human exposure to various FRs. Concentrations of FRs did not increase constantly with a particle size decrease. Fractions with a particle size around 900, 100, and 10 渭m could represent peak values, while valley values were commonly detected around fractions with a particle size around 40 渭m. Large differences were found between indoor dust and road dust. In road dust, FRs were mainly enriched in fractions of <50 渭m. The organic content of dust, FR application, and consequent abrasion processes of FR-containing materials might be the determinants of the FR concentrations. Volatilization and abrasion were considered to be important migration pathways for FRs. DPs and BDE-209 were sought to be mainly applied in abrasion-proof materials, while most phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) were probably added in a large proportion in materials easy to wear.