Temporal Trends (1986–2004) of Organochlorines and Brominated Flame Retardants in Tawny Owl Eggs from Northern Europe
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- 作者：Jan O. Bustnes ; Nigel G. Yoccoz ; Georg Bangjord ; Anuschka Polder ; Janneche U. Skaare
- 刊名：Environmental Science & Technology
- 出版年：2007
- 出版时间：December 15, 2007
- 年：2007
- 卷：41
- 期：24
- 页码：8491 - 8497
- 全文大小：133K
- 年卷期：v.41,no.24(December 15, 2007)
- ISSN：1520-5851
文摘
Eggs (n = 139) from tawny owls (Strix aluco) were collected annually (1986–2004) in Central Norway and analyzed for organochlorines (OCs) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs). p,p′-DDE (2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethene) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were the dominating contaminants (mean/median = 2.7/1.7 and 2.9/1.6 µg/g, lipid weight [l.w.], respectively), comprising 90% of the contaminant burden. Other OCs (hexachlorobenzene [HCB], hexachlorocyclohexanes [HCHs], trans-nonachlor and oxychlordane) comprised less than 4% of the contaminant burden. Concentrations of OCs dropped 74–96% during the study period; p,p′-DDE, HCB, β-HCH, oxychlordane, and PCBs decreased rapidly in the early (1986–1989) study period (23–34% per year; mean = 27.4%), but leveled off to less than 7% (mean = 3.6%) in the late period (2001–2004). The decrease in p,p′-DDE concentrations leveled off in the early 1990s, possibly due to an early ban on the use of DDT. α-HCH showed the strongest decline (always >20% per year), while trans-nonachlor and γ-HCH dropped at a constant rate of 9% per year. Toxaphene made up less than 0.6% of the measured contaminants (mean/median = 39/13 ng/g, l.w.), and the concentrations of these compounds were lower in the late period compared to the early period, but not significant. BFRs, including hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (ΣPBDE: mean/median = 182/85 ng/g, l.w.) made up about 3% of the measured contaminants. ΣPBDE declined significantly over the study period (62%). Most PBDE congeners declined: significantly for BDE-47 (80% reduction) and BDE-153 (50% reduction), but the patterns differed; i.e., congeners associated with PentaBDE mixtures showed a rapid annual decline early (22–26%) and a slower decline late in the study period (6–12%), while the PBDEs associated with OctaBDE declined at a constant rate (1–4%). This may result from a larger reduction in the use of PentaBDE compared to other PBDE products in Europe.