Pollutant Emissions and Energy Efficiency under Controlled Conditions for Household Biomass Cookstoves and Implications for Metrics Useful in Setting International Test Standards

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• 作者：James Jetter ; Yongxin Zhao ; Kirk R. Smith ; Bernine Khan ; Tiffany Yelverton ; Peter DeCarlo ; Michael D. Hays
• 刊名：Environmental Science & Technology (ES&T)
• 出版年：2012
• 出版时间：October 2, 2012
• 年：2012
• 卷：46
• 期：19
• 页码：10827-10834
• 全文大小：447K
• 年卷期：v.46,no.19(October 2, 2012)
• ISSN：1520-5851

文摘

Realistic metrics and methods for testing household biomass cookstoves are required to develop standards needed by international policy makers, donors, and investors. Application of consistent test practices allows emissions and energy efficiency performance to be benchmarked and enables meaningful comparisons among traditional and advanced stove types. In this study, 22 cookstoves burning six fuel types (wood, charcoal, pellets, corn cobs, rice hulls, and plant oil) at two fuel moisture levels were examined under laboratory-controlled operating conditions as outlined in the Water Boiling Test (WBT) protocol, Version 4. Pollutant emissions (carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, total hydrocarbons, and ultrafine particles) were continuously monitored. Fine particle mass was measured gravimetrically for each WBT phase. Additional measurements included cookstove power, energy efficiency, and fuel use. Emission factors are given on the basis of fuel energy, cooking energy, fuel mass, time, and cooking task or activity. The lowest PM_2.5 emissions were 74 mg MJ_delivered^鈥? from a technologically advanced cookstove compared with 700鈥?400 mg MJ_delivered^鈥? from the base-case open 3-stone cookfire. The highest thermal efficiency was 53% compared with 14鈥?5% for the 3-stone cookfire. Based on these laboratory-controlled test results and observations, recommendations for developing potentially useful metrics for setting international standards are suggested.