Sustainable Approach to Waste-Minimized Sonogashira Cross-Coupling Reaction Based on Recoverable/Reusable Heterogeneous Catalytic/Base System and Acetonitrile Azeotrope

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• 作者：Vadym Kozell ; Michael McLaughlin ; Giacomo Strappaveccia ; Stefano Santoro ; Lucia Anna Bivona ; Carmela Aprile ; Michelangelo Gruttadauria ; Luigi Vaccaro
• 刊名：ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering
• 出版年：2016
• 出版时间：December 5, 2016
• 年：2016
• 卷：4
• 期：12
• 页码：7209-7216
• 全文大小：422K
• ISSN：2168-0485

文摘

In this contribution, we present a chemically efficient and sustainable protocol for the palladium-catalyzed copper-free Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction, based on the use of a heterogeneous catalytic system. This consists in the combination of a palladium catalyst on highly cross-linked thiazolidine network on silica and a polystyrene-supported base. The solid catalyst/base system acts as a palladium scavenger avoiding leaching of the metal and consequent product contamination. The reaction can be conducted in safe and easily recoverable acetonitrile/water azeotrope as reaction medium. This proved to be an efficient greener alternative to the classic toxic aprotic media commonly used in cross-coupling reaction, such as DMF and NMP. Acetonitrile/water azeotrope could be easily recovered and reused allowing the minimization of waste production. Our approach, based on the use of both a supported base and a supported catalyst, has proven to be efficient for the waste reduction, as proved by the low E-factor values achieved.