15N NMR Spectroscopy, X-ray and Neutron Diffraction, Quantum-Chemical Calculations, and UV/vis-Spectrophotometric Titrations as Complementary Techniques for the Analysis of Pyridine-Supported Bicyclic Guanidine Superbases

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• 作者：Ryan J. Schwamm ; Robert Vianello ; Aleksandra Maršavelski ; M. Ángeles García ; Rosa M. Claramunt ; Ibon Alkorta ; Jaan Saame ; Ivo Leito ; Christopher M. Fitchett ; Alison J. Edwards ; Martyn P. Coles
• 刊名：Journal of Organic Chemistry
• 出版年：2016
• 出版时间：September 2, 2016
• 年：2016
• 卷：81
• 期：17
• 页码：7612-7625
• 全文大小：756K
• 年卷期：0
• ISSN：1520-6904

文摘

Pyridine substituted with one and two bicyclic guanidine groups has been studied as a potential source of superbases. 2-{hpp}C₅H₄N (I) and 2,6-{hpp}₂C₅H₃N (II) (hppH = 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-2H-pyrimido[1,2-a]pyrimidine) were protonated using [HNEt₃][BPh₄] to afford [I-H][BPh₄] (1a), [II-H][BPh₄] (2), and [II-H₂][BPh₄]₂ (3). Solution-state ¹H and ¹⁵N NMR spectroscopy shows a symmetrical cation in 2, indicating a facile proton-exchange process in solution. Solid-state ¹⁵N NMR data differentiates between the two groups, indicating a mixed guanidine/guanidinium. X-ray diffraction data are consistent with protonation at the imine nitrogen, confirmed for 1a by single-crystal neutron diffraction. The crystal structure of 1a shows association of two [I-H]⁺ cations within a cage of [BPh₄]⁻ anions. Computational analysis performed in the gas phase and in MeCN solution shows that the free energy barrier to transfer a proton between imino centers in [II-H]⁺ is 1 order of magnitude lower in MeCN than in the gas phase. The results provide evidence that linking hpp groups with the pyridyl group stabilizes the protonation center, thereby increasing the intrinsic basicity in the gas phase, while the bulk prevents efficient cation solvation, resulting in diminished pK_a(MeCN) values. Spectrophotometrically measured pK_a values are in excellent agreement with calculated values and confirm that I and II are superbases in solution.