Steroid Estrogens, Nonylphenol Ethoxylate Metabolites, and Other Wastewater Contaminants in Groundwater Affected by a Residential Septic System on Cape Cod, MA
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- 作者：Christopher H. Swartz ; Sharanya Reddy ; Mark J. Benotti ; Haifei Yin ; Larry B. Barber ; Bruce J. Brownawell ; Ruthann A. Rudel
- 刊名：Environmental Science & Technology
- 出版年：2006
- 出版时间：August 15, 2006
- 年：2006
- 卷：40
- 期：16
- 页码：4894 - 4902
- 全文大小：267K
- 年卷期：v.40,no.16(August 15, 2006)
- ISSN：1520-5851
文摘
Septic systems serve approximately 25% of U.S. householdsand may be an important source of estrogenic and otherorganic wastewater contaminants (OWC) to groundwater.We monitored several estrogenic OWC, includingnonylphenol (NP), nonylphenol mono- and diethoxycarboxylates (NP1EC and NP2EC), the steroid hormones 17
-estradiol (E2), estrone (E1) and their glucuronide and sulfateconjugates, and other OWC such as methylene blueactive substances (MBAS), caffeine and its degradationproduct paraxanthine, and two fluorescent whitening agentsin a residential septic system and in downgradientgroundwater. E1 and E2 were present predominantly asfree estrogens in groundwater, and near-source groundwaterconcentrations of all OWC were highest in the suboxicto anoxic portion of the wastewater plume, whereconcentrations of most OWC were similar to those observedin the septic tank on the same day. NP and NP2EC wereup to 6- to 30-fold higher, and caffeine and paraxanthinewere each 60-fold lower than septic tank concentrations,suggesting net production and removal, respectively, of theseconstituents. At the most shallow, oxic depth, concentrationsof all OWC except for NP2EC were substantially lowerthan in the tank and in deeper wells. Yet boron, specificconductance, and the sum of nitrate-and ammonia-nitrogenwere highest at this shallow depth, suggesting preferentiallosses of OWC along the more oxic flow lines. As faras 6.0 m downgradient, concentrations of many OWC werewithin a factor of 2 of near-source concentrations. Theresults suggest that there is the potential for migration ofthese OWC, which are unregulated and not routinelymonitored, in groundwater.
-estradiol (E2), estrone (E1) and their glucuronide and sulfateconjugates, and other OWC such as methylene blueactive substances (MBAS), caffeine and its degradationproduct paraxanthine, and two fluorescent whitening agentsin a residential septic system and in downgradientgroundwater. E1 and E2 were present predominantly asfree estrogens in groundwater, and near-source groundwaterconcentrations of all OWC were highest in the suboxicto anoxic portion of the wastewater plume, whereconcentrations of most OWC were similar to those observedin the septic tank on the same day. NP and NP2EC wereup to 6- to 30-fold higher, and caffeine and paraxanthinewere each 60-fold lower than septic tank concentrations,suggesting net production and removal, respectively, of theseconstituents. At the most shallow, oxic depth, concentrationsof all OWC except for NP2EC were substantially lowerthan in the tank and in deeper wells. Yet boron, specificconductance, and the sum of nitrate-and ammonia-nitrogenwere highest at this shallow depth, suggesting preferentiallosses of OWC along the more oxic flow lines. As faras 6.0 m downgradient, concentrations of many OWC werewithin a factor of 2 of near-source concentrations. Theresults suggest that there is the potential for migration ofthese OWC, which are unregulated and not routinelymonitored, in groundwater.