Surface disorder on a nanometer scale is shown to have fundamental influence on the molecular structure of
-Al
2O
3(0001)/water interfaces which have been studied by sum-frequency vibrational spectroscopy. On roughsurfaces, we observe isolated surface hydroxyl groups which do not couple to the network of hydrogen-bonded water molecules of the interface and which we assign to aluminol groups in hydrophobic nanoporesof the surface. The pH dependence of O-H stretching vibrations of water molecules at the rough interfaceis distinctly different from that of an atomically smooth interface and points to different p
K values fordeprotonation of surface hydroxyl groups at defect sites and regular terrace sites.