Nature of the Mixed-Oxide Interface in Ceria鈥揟itania Catalysts: Clusters, Chains, and Nanoparticles

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• 作者：Aaron C. Johnston-Peck ; Sanjaya D. Senanayake ; Jos茅 J. Plata ; Shankhamala Kundu ; Wenqian Xu ; Laura Barrio ; Jes煤s Graciani ; Javier Fdez. Sanz ; Rufino M. Navarro ; Jos茅 L. G. Fierro ; Eric A. Stach ; Jos茅 A. Rodriguez
• 刊名：The Journal of Physical Chemistry C
• 出版年：2013
• 出版时间：July 18, 2013
• 年：2013
• 卷：117
• 期：28
• 页码：14463-14471
• 全文大小：548K
• 年卷期：v.117,no.28(July 18, 2013)
• ISSN：1932-7455

文摘

The ceria鈥搕itania mixed metal oxide is an important component of catalysts active for the production of hydrogen through the water鈥揼as shift reaction (CO + H₂O 鈫?H₂ + CO₂) and the photocatalytic splitting of water (H₂O + hv 鈫?H₂ + 0.5O₂). We have found that ceria鈥搕itania catalysts prepared through wet chemical methods have a unique hierarchal architecture. Atomic resolution imaging by high-angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF STEM) reveals that ceria supported on titania exhibits a range of morphologies. One can clearly identify ceria structures involving clusters, chains, and nanoparticles, which are distributed inhomogeneously on the titania support. These structures are often below the sensitivity limit of techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), which in this case identifies the average particle size of the ceria and titania nanoparticles (via the Debye鈥揝cherer equation) to be 7.5 and 36 nm, respectively. The fluorite-structured ceria grows epitaxially on the anatase-structured titania, and this epitaxial growth influences the morphology of the nanoparticles. The presence of defects in the ceria鈥攕uch as dislocations and surface steps鈥攚as routinely observed in HAADF STEM. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate an energetic preference for the formation of O vacancies and the corresponding Ce³⁺ sites at the ceria鈥搕itania interface. Experimental corroboration by soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy (SXAS) does suggest the presence of Ce³⁺ sites at the interface.