Mössbauer and XRD studies of Roman amphorae buried in the sea for two millennia

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• 作者：F. E. Wagner ; U. Wagner ; W. Häusler ; B. F. O. Costa ; J.-Y. Blot…
• 关键词：Mössbauer spectroscopy ; Haltern 70 Amphorae ; Marine archaeology ; Shipwreck ; Cortiçais ; XRD
• 刊名：Hyperfine Interactions
• 出版年：2016
• 出版时间：December 2016
• 年：2016
• 卷：237
• 期：1
• 全文大小：2,329 KB
• 参考文献：1.Blot, M. L.: Os portos na origem dos centros urbanos. Contributo para a arqueologia das cidades marítimas e flúvio-marítimas em Portugal (Trabalhos de Arqueologia n ∘28). Instituto Português de Arqueologia, Lisboa (2003)
  2.Blot, J.-Y., et al.: O Sítio Submarino dos Cortiçais. In: Venâncio, R. (ed.) Actas das I Jornadas de Arqueologia e Património de Região de Peniche—Apresentação de projectos e trabalhos em curso—Peniche, 3 e 4 de Junho de 2005, pp 157–226. Câmara Municipal de Peniche, Peniche (2006)
  3.Blot, J.-Y., Bombico, S.: Skyllis 13(1), 43 (2011)
  4.Silva, A.J.M.: Vivre au-delà du fleuve de l’oubli. Portrait de la communauté villageoise du Castro do Vieito au moment de l’intégration du NO de la péninsule ibérique dans l’orbis Romanum (estuaire du Rio Lima, NO du Portugal), British Archaeological Reports, Archaeopress, S 2342, Oxford, 432 pp (2012)
  5.Silva, A.J.M.: J. Hell. Rom. Mater. Cult. 4.1, 11 (2015)
  6.Marques da Silva, A. J.: Culinary clash in north-western Iberia at the height of the Roman Empire. The Castro do Vieito case study. In: Villing, A., Spataro, M. (eds.) Ceramics, Cuisine and Culture. Oxbow Books, Oxford, pp. 222–232 (2015)
  7.Marques da Silva, A. J.: Un ingrédient du discours, Discours et pratiques alimentaires en Méditerranée, vol. 1. Édilivre Collection Universitaire, Saint Denis (2013)
  8.Carreras, C.: Estat de la qüestió sobre els continguts de les Haltern 70. In: Carreras, C., et al. (eds.) Culip VIII i les àmfores Haltern 70, (Mongrafies del CASC 5), pp. 117–119. Girona (2004)
  9.Costa, B.F.O., Silva, A.J.M., Wagner, F.E., Wagner, U.: Hyperfine Interact. 202, 81 (2011)CrossRef ADS
  10.Costa, B.F.O., Pereira, G., Silva, A.J.M., Ramos Silva, M., do Carmo, S.J.C.: J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 217, 2060 (2010)ADS
  11.Costa, B.F.O., Silva, A.J.M., Ramalho, A.J.M., Pereira, G., Ramos Silva, M.: X-ray Spectrometry 41, 69 (2012)
  12.Pradell, T., Vendrell-Saz, M., Krumbein, W., Picon, M.: Rev. Archéom. 20, 47 (1996)CrossRef
  13.Secco, M., Maritan, L., Mazzoli, C., Lampronti, G.I., Zorzi, F., Nodari, L., Russo, U., Mattioli, S.P.: Archaeometry 53, 809 (2011)CrossRef
  14.Bearat, H., Dufournier, D., Nouet, Y.: Archaeol. Pol. 30, 151 (1992)
  15.Cervantes, G., Shimada, I., Häusler, W., Wagner, U., Wagner, F.E.: Hyperfine Interact. 203, 51 (2011)CrossRef ADS
  16.Friederich, J., Gebhard, R., Krause, R., Riederer, J., Wagner, F.E., Wagner, U.: J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 217, 012064 (2010)CrossRef ADS
  
• 作者单位：F. E. Wagner (1)
  U. Wagner (1)
  W. Häusler (1)
  B. F. O. Costa (2)
  J.-Y. Blot (3)
  A. J. M. Silva (4)
  S. Bombico (5)
  
  1. Physics Department E15, Technical University of Munich, 85747, Garching, Germany
  2. CFisUC, Physics Department, University of Coimbra, 3004-395, Coimbra, Portugal
  3. CHAMFCSH, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1069-061, Lisboa, Portugal
  4. FCT/Centro de Estudos Arqueológicos das Universidades de Coimbra e do Porto, University of Coimbra, 304-516, Coimbra, Portugal
  5. CIDEHUS, University of Evora, 7000-809, Evora, Portugal
  
• 刊物类别：Physics and Astronomy
• 刊物主题：Physics
  Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions and Hadrons
  Atoms, Molecules, Clusters and Plasmas
  Condensed Matter
  Surfaces and Interfaces and Thin Films
  
• 出版者：Springer Netherlands
• ISSN：1572-9540

文摘

During the years 2004–2007 many Roman amphora sherds were found in the sea near Cortiçais, off the southern coast of the Peniche peninsula on the Atlantic coast of Portugal. The amphorae are of the Haltern 70 type and stem from a shipwreck that has been dated to the time of the emperor Augustus, between about 15 BC and 15 AD. They were produced in the Roman Province of Baetica in the south of Spain and used to transport wine and other staple foods by sea to other Roman settlements. We have studied several fragments of these amphorae by 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction in order to look for changes in the ceramic material caused by two millennia of exposure to sea water. For comparison Mössbauer data on a Haltern 70 type amphora handle excavated on land at the site of Castro do Vieito in the north of Portugal were used. The fragments on which we report here are a body sherd and two handles. The sherds show a visible layer structure. The different layers were studied separately. The Mössbauer spectra of the buff surface layers indicate that up to about 60 % of the iron is present as very fine goethite particles, which are superparamagnetic at RT but exhibit magnetically split spectra at 4.2 K. Their blocking temperature is around or even below 50 K. The goethite is too fine grained to be detected by X-ray diffraction. Re-firing experiments confirm the presence of goethite, which is found to convert to hematite between 300 and 600 ∘C. The results show that the iron in the silicate matrix of the ceramic material converts to goethite under the prolonged influence of the sea water, mainly in the outermost several millimetres and apparently depending on the nature of the ceramic material.