Physical Limits of Solar Energy Conversion in the Earth System

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• 关键词：Carnot limit ; Global estimates ; Photosynthesis ; Solar energy ; Theoretical potentials ; Thermodynamic limits ; Thermodynamics
• 刊名：Topics in Current Chemistry
• 出版年：2016
• 出版时间：2016
• 年：2016
• 卷：371
• 期：1
• 页码：1-22
• 全文大小：614 KB
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• 作者单位：Axel Kleidon (19)
  Lee Miller (19)
  Fabian Gans (19)
  
  19. Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knoell-Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
  
• 丛书名：Solar Energy for Fuels
• ISBN：978-3-319-23099-3
• 刊物类别：Chemistry and Materials Science
• 刊物主题：Chemistry
  Organic Chemistry
  Inorganic Chemistry
  Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
  Medicinal Chemistry
  Biochemistry
  Organometallic Chemistry
  
• 出版者：Springer Berlin / Heidelberg
• ISSN：1436-5049

文摘

Solar energy provides by far the greatest potential for energy generation among all forms of renewable energy. Yet, just as for any form of energy conversion, it is subject to physical limits. Here we review the physical limits that determine how much energy can potentially be generated out of sunlight using a combination of thermodynamics and observed climatic variables. We first explain how the first and second law of thermodynamics constrain energy conversions and thereby the generation of renewable energy, and how this applies to the conversions of solar radiation within the Earth system. These limits are applied to the conversion of direct and diffuse solar radiation – which relates to concentrated solar power (CSP) and photovoltaic (PV) technologies as well as biomass production or any other photochemical conversion – as well as solar radiative heating, which generates atmospheric motion and thus relates to wind power technologies. When these conversion limits are applied to observed data sets of solar radiation at the land surface, it is estimated that direct concentrated solar power has a potential on land of up to 11.6 PW (1 PW = 1015 W), whereas photovoltaic power has a potential of up to 16.3 PW. Both biomass and wind power operate at much lower efficiencies, so their potentials of about 0.3 and 0.1 PW are much lower. These estimates are considerably lower than the incoming flux of solar radiation of 175 PW. When compared to a 2012 primary energy demand of 17 TW, the most direct uses of solar radiation, e.g., by CSP or PV, have thus by far the greatest potential to yield renewable energy requiring the least space to satisfy the human energy demand. Further conversions into solar-based fuels would be reduced by further losses which would lower these potentials. The substantially greater potential of solar-based renewable energy compared to other forms of renewable energy simply reflects much fewer and lower unavoidable conversion losses when solar radiation is directly converted into renewable energy.