The fish embryo test (FET): origin, applications, and future

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• 作者：Thomas Braunbeck ; Britta Kais ; Eva Lammer…
• 关键词：Fish embryo test ; FET ; Validation ; Alternative test method ; OECD guideline ; Acute toxicity ; Teratogenicity ; Genotoxicity ; Endocrine disruption ; Neurotoxicity ; Biotransformation ; Cytochrome P450
• 刊名：Environmental Science and Pollution Research
• 出版年：2015
• 出版时间：November 2015
• 年：2015
• 卷：22
• 期：21
• 页码：16247-16261
• 全文大小：2,205 KB
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• 作者单位：Thomas Braunbeck (1)
  Britta Kais (1)
  Eva Lammer (1)
  Jens Otte (1)
  Katharina Schneider (1)
  Daniel Stengel (1)
  Ruben Strecker (1)
  
  1. Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
  
• 刊物类别：Earth and Environmental Science
• 刊物主题：Environment
  Environment
  Atmospheric Protection, Air Quality Control and Air Pollution
  Waste Water Technology, Water Pollution Control, Water Management and Aquatic Pollution
  Industrial Pollution Prevention
  
• 出版者：Springer Berlin / Heidelberg
• ISSN：1614-7499

文摘

Originally designed as an alternative for the acute fish toxicity test according to, e.g., OECD TG 203, the fish embryo test (FET) with the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been optimized, standardized, and validated during an OECD validation study and adopted as OECD TG 236 as a test to assess toxicity of embryonic forms of fish. Given its excellent correlation with the acute fish toxicity test and the fact that non-feeding developmental stages of fish are not categorized as protected stages according to the new European Directive 2010/63/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes, the FET is ready for use not only for range-finding but also as a true alternative for the acute fish toxicity test, as required for a multitude of national and international regulations. If—for ethical reasons—not accepted as a full alternative, the FET represents at least a refinement in the sense of the 3Rs principle. Objections to the use of the FET have mainly been based on the putative lack of biotransformation capacity and the assumption that highly lipophilic and/or high molecular weight substances might not have access to the embryo due to the protective role of the chorion. With respect to bioactivation, the only substance identified so far as not being activated in the zebrafish embryo is allyl alcohol; all other biotransformation processes that have been studied in more detail so far were found to be present, albeit, in some cases, at lower levels than in adult fish. With respect to larger molecules, the extension of the test duration to 96 h (i.e., beyond hatch) has—at least for the substances tested so far—compensated for the reduced access to the embryo; however, more research is necessary to fully explore the applicability of the FET to substances with a molecular weight >3 kDa as well as substances with a neurotoxic mode of action. An extension of the endpoints to also cover sublethal endpoints makes the FET a powerful tool for the detection of teratogenicity, dioxin-like activity, genotoxicity and mutagenicity, neurotoxicity, as well as various forms of endocrine disruption.