Investigating Rare Risk Factors for Nipah Virus in Bangladesh: 2001–2012

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• 作者：Sonia T. Hegde ; Hossain M. S. Sazzad ; M. Jahangir Hossain ; Mahbub-Ul Alam…
• 关键词：Nipah virus ; Bangladesh ; risk factors ; zoonoses ; rare exposures ; prevention
• 刊名：EcoHealth
• 出版年：2016
• 出版时间：December 2016
• 年：2016
• 卷：13
• 期：4
• 页码：720-728
• 全文大小：
• 刊物类别：Earth and Environmental Science
• 刊物主题：Public Health; Environmental Health; Ecosystems; Microbiology; Animal Ecology; Water and Health;
• 出版者：Springer US
• ISSN：1612-9210
• 卷排序：13

文摘

Human Nipah encephalitis outbreaks have been identified almost yearly in Bangladesh since 2001. Though raw date palm sap consumption and person-to-person contact are recognized as major transmission pathways, alternative pathways of transmission are plausible and may not have been identified due to limited statistical power in each outbreak. We conducted a risk factor analysis using all 157 cases and 632 controls surveyed in previous investigations during 2004–2012 to identify exposures independently associated with Nipah, since date palm sap was first asked about as an exposure in 2004. To further explore possible rare exposures, we also conducted in-depth interviews with all cases, or proxies, since 2001 that reported no exposure to date palm sap or contact with another case. Cases were 4.9 (95% 3.2–7.7) times more likely to consume raw date palm sap and 7.3 (95% 4.0–13.4) times more likely to have contact with a Nipah case than controls. In-depth interviews revealed that 39/182 (21%) of Nipah cases reporting neither date palm sap consumption nor contact with another case were misclassified. Prevention efforts should be focused on interventions to interrupt transmission through date palm sap consumption and person-to-person contact. Furthermore, pooling outbreak investigation data is a good method for assessing rare exposures.