Water temperature dynamics and heat transport in a typical Japanese river

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• 作者：Makoto Higashino ; Heinz G. Stefan
• 关键词：Air/water interface ; Climate ; Heat budget ; Japan ; Stream ; Water temperature ; Equilibrium temperature ; Groundwater
• 刊名：Environmental Earth Sciences
• 出版年：2016
• 出版时间：April 2016
• 年：2016
• 卷：75
• 期：7
• 全文大小：1,661 KB
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• 作者单位：Makoto Higashino (1)
  Heinz G. Stefan (2)
  
  1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Oita National College of Technology, 1666 Maki, Oita, 870-0152, Japan
  2. James L. Record Professor Emeritus, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geo-Engineering, Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, 2 Third Ave. S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
  
• 刊物类别：Earth and Environmental Science
• 刊物主题：None Assigned
• 出版者：Springer Berlin Heidelberg
• ISSN：1866-6299

文摘

The water temperature regime of the Oita River on Kyushu Island (33°N latitude) in southern Japan is illustrated and analyzed, and related to the river’s hydrology. The river is short (55 km) and steep (ave. slope = 0.088), and has a flashy flow regime. Precipitation is high (1653 mm year−1) and divided between a wet monsoon season, typhoons, and a dry season in winter. A base flow analysis showed that groundwater contributes about 50 % of the annual flow to the Oita River and controls the river’s heat budget. At a measured mean annual temperature of ~16 °C, groundwater (base flow) input causes unexpected cool (≤24 °C) river temperatures in summer and warm (≥8 °C) river temperatures in winter. The Oita River is typical of many Japanese rivers. Its hydraulic residence time is very short (0.5–1.5 days) and limits the heat exchange with the atmosphere so that a significant deficit remains between observed river water temperatures and equilibrium temperatures in mid-summer and mid-winter. Correlations of recorded stream temperatures with atmospheric temperatures (air, dew point and equilibrium temperatures) were strong. Weekly air and stream temperature data (averaged from 10-min measurements) were fitted by linear regressions with R 2 = 0.98 and RMSE = 0.83 °C. Daily data were only slightly less well correlated with R 2 = 0.96 and RMSE = 1.17 °C. The relationships were highly linear. The slope of the stream temperature vs. air temperature correlation was in the range from 0.63 (weekly) to 0.58 (daily) indicating that stream temperatures are dominated by groundwater input. Air and stream temperatures have a strong correlation in both wet (monsoon) and dry seasons, and geothermal heat input has no basin-wide effect; the 50 % groundwater (base flow) input raises the annual mean and reduces seasonal temperature amplitude in the Oita River and provides a cool-water stream. Water temperatures were gathered from a long-term monitoring database and by recent (2012–2013) high-resolution in-stream monitoring. Key drivers of stream temperature were identified. Linear regressions were used to relate air temperature, dew point temperature, and equilibrium temperature with stream temperature. Groundwater was identified as a key input of water consistently around 16 °C, moderating temperatures in the summer and winter due to very short water residence times in the steep and short river. This paper contributes to the body of knowledge about global stream temperatures, and clarifies specific questions for Japanese rivers.