参考文献:1.Angus DC, Linde-Zwirble WT, Lidicker J, Clermont G, Carcillo J, Pinsky MR. Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated costs of care. Crit Care Med. 2001;29:1303–10.CrossRef PubMed 2.Dellinger RP. Cardiovascular management of septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2003;31:946–55.CrossRef PubMed 3.Martin GS, Mannino DM, Eaton S, Moss M. The epidemiology of sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1546–54.CrossRef PubMed 4.Linde-Zwirble WT, Angus DC. Severe sepsis epidemiology: sampling, selection, and society. Crit Care. 2004;8:222–6.PubMedCentral CrossRef PubMed 5.Dombrovskiy VY, Martin AA, Sunderram J, Paz HL. Rapid increase in hospitalization and mortality rates for severe sepsis in the United States: a trend analysis from 1993 to 2003. Crit Care Med. 2007;35:1244–50.CrossRef PubMed 6.Phillips DP, Kaynar AM. Septic cardiomyopathy. Int Anesthesiol Clin. 2012;50:187–201.CrossRef PubMed 7.Kumar A, Krieger A, Symeoneides S, Kumar A, Parrillo JE. Myocardial dysfunction in septic shock: part II. Role of cytokines and nitric oxide. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2001;15:485–511.CrossRef PubMed 8.Vieillard-Baron A. Septic cardiomyopathy. Ann Intensiv Care. 2011;1:6.CrossRef 9.Hunter JD, Doddi M. Sepsis and the heart. Br J Anaesth. 2010;104:3–11.CrossRef PubMed 10.Jozwiak M, Persichini R, Monnet X, Teboul JL. Management of myocardial dysfunction in severe sepsis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;32:206–14.CrossRef PubMed 11.Flynn A, Chokkalingam Mani B, Mather PJ. Sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy: a review of pathophysiologic mechanisms. Heart Fail Rev. 2010;15:605–11.CrossRef PubMed 12.Kume T, Kawamoto T, Okura H, Toyota E, Neishi Y, Watanabe N, et al. Local release of catecholamines from the hearts of patients with tako-tsubo-like left ventricular dysfunction. Circ J. 2008;72:106–8.CrossRef PubMed 13.Wittstein IS, Thiemann DR, Lima JA, Baughman KL, Schulman SP, Gerstenblith G, et al. Neurohumoral features of myocardial stunning due to sudden emotional stress. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:539–48.CrossRef PubMed 14.Magder SA. The ups and downs of heart rate. Crit Care Med. 2012;40:239–45.CrossRef PubMed 15.Gore DC, Wolfe RR. Hemodynamic and metabolic effects of selective beta 1 adrenergic blockade during sepsis. Surgery. 2006;139:686–94.CrossRef PubMed 16.Lindsay CA, Barton P, Lawless S, Kitchen L, Zorka A, Garcia J, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of milrinone lactate in pediatric patients with septic shock. J Pediatr. 1998;132:329–34.CrossRef PubMed 17.Dellinger R, Levy M, Rhodes A, Annane D, Gerlach H, Opal S, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines Committee including the Pediatric Subgroup Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2012. Crit Care Med. 2013;41:580–637.CrossRef PubMed 18.Charpentier J, Luyt CE, Fulla Y, Vinsonneau C, Cariou A, Grabar S, et al. Brain natriuretic peptide: a marker of myocardial dysfunction and prognosis during severe sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2004;32:660–5.CrossRef PubMed 19.Macchia A, Romero M, Comignani PD, Mariani J, D’ettorre A, Prini N, et al. Previous prescription of beta-blockers is associated with reduced mortality among patients hospitalized in intensive care units for sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2012;40:2768–72.CrossRef PubMed 20.Suzuki T, Morisaki H, Serita R, Yamamoto M, Kotake Y, Ishizaka A, et al. Infusion of the beta-adrenergic blocker esmolol attenuates myocardial dysfunction in septic rats. Crit Care Med. 2005;33:2294–301.CrossRef PubMed 21.Schmittinger CA, Dunser MW, Haller M, Ulmer H, Luckner G, Torgersen C, et al. Combined milrinone and enteral metoprolol therapy in patients with septic myocardial depression. Crit Care. 2008;12:R99.PubMedCentral CrossRef PubMed 22.Morelli A, Ertmer C, Westphal M, Rehberg S, Kampmeier T, Ligges S, et al. Effect of heart rate control with esmolol on hemodynamic and clinical outcomes in patients with septic shock: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2013;310:1683–91.CrossRef PubMed 23.Slack JA, Mcguirk SM, Erb HN, Lien L, Coombs D, Semrad SD, et al. Biochemical markers of cardiac injury in normal, surviving septic, or nonsurviving septic neonatal foals. J Vet Intern Med. 2005;19:577–80.CrossRef PubMed 24.Post F, Weilemann LS, Messow CM, Sinning C, Munzel T. B-type natriuretic peptide as a marker for sepsis-induced myocardial depression in intensive care patients. Crit Care Med. 2008;36:3030–7.CrossRef PubMed 25.Klouche K, Pommet S, Amigues L, Bargnoux AS, Dupuy AM, Machado S, et al. Plasma brain natriuretic peptide and troponin levels in severe sepsis and septic shock: relationships with systolic myocardial dysfunction and intensive care unit mortality. J Intensiv Care Med. 2013;29:229–37.CrossRef 26.Mehta NJ, Khan IA, Gupta V, Jani K, Gowda RM, Smith PR. Cardiac troponin I predicts myocardial dysfunction and adverse outcome in septic shock. Int J Cardiol. 2004;95:13–7.CrossRef PubMed 27.Ueda S, Nishio K, Akai Y, Fukushima H, Ueyama T, Kawai Y, et al. Prognostic value of increased plasma levels of brain natriuretic peptide in patients with septic shock. Shock. 2006;26:134–9.CrossRef PubMed 28.Papanikolaou J, Makris D, Mpaka M, Palli E, Zygoulis P, Zakynthinos E. New insights into the mechanisms involved in B-type natriuretic peptide elevation and its prognostic value in septic patients. Crit Care. 2014;18:R94.PubMedCentral CrossRef PubMed 29.Cohen J. The immunopathogenesis of sepsis. Nature. 2002;420:885–91.CrossRef PubMed 30.Pathan N, Hemingway CA, Alizadeh AA, Stephens AC, Boldrick JC, Oragui EE, et al. Role of interleukin 6 in myocardial dysfunction of meningococcal septic shock. Lancet. 2004;363:203–9.CrossRef PubMed 31.Li C, Hua F, Ha T, Singh K, Lu C, Kalbfleisch J, et al. Activation of myocardial phosphoinositide-3-kinase p110alpha ameliorates cardiac dysfunction and improves survival in polymicrobial sepsis. Plos One. 2012;7:e44712.PubMedCentral CrossRef PubMed 32.Park JH, Kang SJ, Song JK, Kim HK, Lim CM, Kang DH, et al. Left ventricular apical ballooning due to severe physical stress in patients admitted to the medical ICU. Chest. 2005;128:296–302.CrossRef PubMed 33.Schmittinger CA, Dunser MW, Torgersen C, Luckner G, Lorenz I, Schmid S, et al. Histologic pathologies of the myocardium in septic shock: a prospective observational study. Shock. 2013;39:329–35.CrossRef PubMed
作者单位:Zenggeng Wang PhD (1) (2) Qinghua Wu (3) Xiangbi Nie (2) Jinghua Guo (2) Chunli Yang (2)
1. Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China 2. ICU, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, No. 92 Patriotic Way, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China 3. Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital to Nanchang University, Nanchang, 30006, Jiangxi, China
Background and Objective As a β-adrenoceptor antagonist (β-blocker), esmolol can reduce cardiac output and the phosphodiesterase III inhibitor milrinone has been shown to improve heart contractility in patients with septic shock. This study was performed to assess the effects of esmolol combined with milrinone in patients with severe sepsis.