Carbon Dioxide Fluxes and Their Environmental Control in a Reclaimed Coastal Wetland in the Yangtze Estuary
详细信息 查看全文
- 作者：Qicheng Zhong ; Kaiyun Wang ; Qifang Lai ; Chao Zhang ; Liang Zheng…
- 关键词：Yangtze estuary ; Coastal wetland ; Land reclamations ; CO2 sink capacity
- 刊名：Estuaries and Coasts
- 出版年：2016
- 出版时间：March 2016
- 年：2016
- 卷：39
- 期：2
- 页码：344-362
- 全文大小：1,534 KB
- 参考文献：Allen, R.G., Pereira, L.S., Raes, D., et al. 1998. Crop evapotranspiration—guidelines for computing crop water requirements-FAO Irrigation and drainage paper 56. FAO, Rome, 300: 6541.
Alm, J., A. Talanov, S. Saarnio, et al. 1997. Reconstruction of the carbon balance for microsites in a boreal oligotrophic pine fen. Finland. Oecologia 110(3): 423–431.CrossRef
An, S., H. Li, B. Guan, et al. 2007. China’s natural wetlands: past problems, current status, and future challenges. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment 36(4): 335–342.CrossRef
Anthoni, P.M., B.E. Law, and M.H. Unsworth. 1999. Carbon and water vapor exchange of an open-canopied ponderosa pine ecosystem. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 95(3): 151–168.
Arneth, A., J. Kurbatova, O. Kolle, et al. 2002. Comparative ecosystem—atmosphere exchange of energy and mass in a European Russian and a central Siberian bog II. Interseasonal and interannual variability of CO2 fluxes. Tellus B 54(5): 514–530.CrossRef
Aubinet, M., A. Grelle, A. Ibrom, et al. 2000. Estimates of the annual net carbon and water exchange of forests: the EUROFLUX methodology. Advances in Ecological Research 30(1): 113–175.
Aurela, M., T. Laurila, and J.P. Tuovinen. 2004. The timing of snow melt controls the annual CO2 balance in a subarctic fen. Geophysical Research Letters 31(16), L16119.CrossRef
Aurela, M., T. Riutta, T. Laurila, et al. 2007. CO2 exchange of a sedge fen in southern Finland—the impact of a drought period. Tellus B 59(5): 826–837.CrossRef
Baldocchi, D.D., B.B. Hincks, and T.P. Meyers. 1988. Measuring biosphere-atmosphere exchanges of biologically related gases with micrometeorological methods. Ecology 1331–1340.
Baldocchi, D.D., J. Finnigan, K. Wilson, et al. 2000. On measuring net ecosystem carbon exchange over tall vegetation on complex terrain. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 96(1–2): 257–291.
Barr, J.G., V. Engel, J.D. Fuentes, et al. 2010. Controls on mangrove forest-atmosphere carbon dioxide exchanges in western Everglades National Park. Journal of Geophysical Research 115(G2), G02020.CrossRef
Bart, D., and J.M. Hartman. 2000. Environmental determinants of Phragmites australis expansion in a New Jersey salt marsh: an experimental approach. Oikos 89(1): 59–69.CrossRef
Bonneville, M.C., I.B. Strachan, E.R. Humphreys, et al. 2008. Net ecosystem CO2 exchange in a temperate cattail marsh in relation to biophysical properties. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 148(1): 69–81.CrossRef
Bouillon, S., A.V. Borges, E. Castañeda-moya, et al. 2008. Mangrove production and carbon sinks: a revision of global budget estimates. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 22(2): 1–12.CrossRef
Boulord, A., M. Zhang, T.H. Wang, X.M. Wang, and F. Jiguet. 2012. Reproductive success of the threatened Reed Parrotbill Paradoxornis heudei in non-harvested and harvested reedbeds in the Yangtze River estuary, China. Bird Conservation International 22: 339–347.CrossRef
Bridgham, S.D., J.P. Megonigal, J.K. Keller, et al. 2006. The carbon balance of North American wetlands. Wetlands 26(4): 889–916.CrossRef
Bubier, J., P. Crill, A. Mosedale, et al. 2003. Peatland responses to varying interannual moisture conditions as measured by automatic CO2 chambers. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 17(2): 1066.CrossRef
Chabbi, A., K.L. McKee, and I.A. Mendelssohn. 2000. Fate of oxygen losses from Typha domingensis (Typhaceae) and Cladium jamaicense (Cyperaceae) and consequences for root metabolism. American Journal of Botany 87(8): 1081–1090.CrossRef
Chmura, G.L., S.C. Anisfeld, D.R. Cahoon, et al. 2003. Global carbon sequestration in tidal, saline wetland soils. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 17(4): 1111.CrossRef
Clark, K.L., H.L. Gholz, J.B. Moncrieff, et al. 1999. Environmental controls over net exchanges of carbon dioxide from contrasting Florida ecosystems. Ecological Applications 9(3): 936–948.CrossRef
Connor, R.F., G.L. Chmura, and C.B. Beecher. 2001. Carbon accumulation in Bay of Fundy salt marshes: Implications for restoration of reclaimed marshes. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 15(4): 943–954.CrossRef
Donato, D.C., J.B. Kauffman, D. Murdiyarso, et al. 2011. Mangroves among the most carbon-rich forests in the tropics. Nature Geoscience 4(5): 293–297.CrossRef
Duarte, C.M., J.J. Middelburg, and N. Caraco. 2005. Major role of marine vegetation on the oceanic carbon cycle. Biogeosciences 2(1): 1–8.CrossRef
Ehleringer, J., and R.W. Pearcy. 1983. Variation in quantum yield for CO2 uptake among C3 and C4 plants. Plant Physiology 73(3): 555–559.CrossRef
Falge, E., D. Baldocchi, R. Olson, et al. 2001. Gap filling strategies for long term energy flux data sets. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 107(1): 71–77.CrossRef
Fernandez, S., C. Santin, J. Marquinez, and M.A. Alvarez. 2010. Saltmarsh soil evolution after land reclamation in Atlantic estuaries (Bay of Biscay, North coast of Spain). Geomorphology 114: 497–507.CrossRef
Flanagan, L.B., and B.G. Johnson. 2005. Johnson, Interacting effects of temperature, soil moisture and plant biomass production on ecosystem respiration in a northern temperate grassland. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 130(3): 237–253.CrossRef
Frolking, S.E., J.L. Bubier, T.R. Moore, et al. 1998. Relationship between ecosystem productivity and photosynthetically active radiation for northern peatlands. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 12(1): 115–126.CrossRef
Gedan, K.B., B.R. Silliman, and M.D. Bertness. 2009. Centuries of human-driven change in salt marsh ecosystems. Marine Science 1: 117–141.CrossRef
Glenn, A.J., L.B. Flanagan, K.H. Syed, et al. 2006. Comparison of net ecosystem CO2 exchange in two peatlands in western Canada with contrasting dominant vegetation, Sphagnum and Carex. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 140(1): 115–135.CrossRef
GSICI (Group of Shanghai Island Comprehensive Investigation). 1996. Report of the Shanghai island comprehensive investigation. Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press. in Chinese.
Guo H. 2010. Carbon fluxes over an estuarine wetland: in situ measurement and modeling. PhD thesis, Fudan University. in Chinese.
Guo, H., A. Noormets, B. Zhao, et al. 2009. Tidal effects on net ecosystem exchange of carbon in an estuarine wetland. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 149(11): 1820–1828.CrossRef
Han, G., L. Yang, J. Yu, et al. 2013. Environmental controls on net ecosystem CO2 exchange over a reed (Phragmites australis) wetland in the Yellow River Delta, China. Estuaries and Coasts 36(2): 401–413.CrossRef
Han, G., Q. Xing, J. Yu, et al. 2014. Agricultural reclamation effects on ecosystem CO2 exchange of a coastal wetland in the Yellow River Delta. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 196: 187–198.CrossRef
Heikkinen, J.E.P., V. Elsakov, and P.J. Martikainen. 2002. Carbon dioxide and methane dynamics and annual carbon balance in tundra wetland in NE Europe, Russia. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 16(4): 62. -1-62-15.CrossRef
Hirota, M., Y. Tang, Q. Hu, et al. 2006. Carbon dioxide dynamics and controls in a deep-water wetland on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Ecosystems 9(4): 673–688.CrossRef
Hirota, M., Y. Senga, Y. Seike, et al. 2007. Fluxes of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide in two contrastive fringing zones of coastal lagoon, Lake Nakaumi, Japan. Chemosphere 68(3): 597–603.CrossRef
Hopkinson, C.S., W.J. Cai, and X. Hu. 2012. Carbon sequestration in wetland dominated coastal systems—a global sink of rapidly diminishing magnitude. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 4(2): 186–194.CrossRef
Houghton, R.A., and G.M. Woodwell. 1980. The flax pond ecosystem study: exchanges of CO2 between a salt marsh and the atmosphere. Ecology 61(6): 1434–1445.CrossRef
Hu, H., D.Q. Wang, Y.J. Li, et al. 2014. Greenhouse gases fluxes at Chongming Dongtan Phragmites australis wetland and the influencing factors. Research of Environmental Sciences 27(1): 43–50. in Chinese with English Abstract.
Jackson, R.B., J.L. Banner, E.G. Jobbágy, et al. 2002. Ecosystem carbon loss with woody plant invasion of grasslands. Nature 418(6898): 623–626.CrossRef
Janssens, I.A., H. Lankreijer, G. Matteucci, et al. 2001. Productivity overshadows temperature in determining soil and ecosystem respiration across European forests. Global Change Biology 7(3): 269–278.CrossRef
Jimenez K L, Starr G, Staudhammer C L, et al. 2012. Carbon dioxide exchange rates from short-and long-hydroperiod Everglades freshwater marsh. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences (2005–2012), 117(G4).
Joiner, D.W., P.M. Lafleur, J.H. McCaughey, et al. 1999. Interannual variability in carbon dioxide exchanges at a boreal wetland in the BOREAS northern study area. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984–2012) 104(D22): 27663–27672.CrossRef
Jones, M.B., and S.W. Humphries. 2002. Impacts of the C4 sedge Cyperus papyrus L. on carbon and water fluxes in an African wetland. Hydrobiologia 488(1–3): 107–113.CrossRef
Kathilankal, J.C., T.J. Mozdzer, J.D. Fuentes, et al. 2008. Tidal influences on carbon assimilation by a salt marsh. Environmental Research Letters 3(4): 044010. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/3/4/044010 .CrossRef
Kirwan, M.L., and J.P. Megonigal. 2013. Tidal wetland stability in the face of human impacts and sea-level rise. Nature 504(7478): 53–60.CrossRef
Kljun, N., P. Calanca, M.W. Rotach, et al. 2004. A simple parameterization for flux footprint predictions. Boundary Layer Meteorology 112(3): 503–523.CrossRef
Laffoley, D., and G.D. Grimsditch. 2009. The management of natural coastal carbon sinks. IUCN.
Lafleur, P.M., N.T. Roulet, and S.W. Admiral. 2001. Annual cycle of CO2 exchange at a bog peatland. Journal of Geophysical Research 106(D3): 3071–3081.CrossRef
Laudicina, V.A., M.D. Hurtado, L. Badalucco, et al. 2009. Soil chemical and biochemical properties of a salt-marsh alluvial Spanish area after long-term reclamation. Biology and Fertility of Soils 45(7): 691–700.CrossRef
Lee, X., J.D. Fuentes, R.M. Staebler, et al. 1999. Long-term observation of the atmospheric exchange of CO2 with a temperate deciduous forest in southern Ontario, Canada. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984–2012) 104(D13): 15975–15984.CrossRef
Livesley, S.J., and S.M. Andrusiak. 2012. Temperate mangrove and salt marsh sediments are a small methane and nitrous oxide source but important carbon store. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 97: 19–27.CrossRef
Low-Décarie, E., C. Chivers, and M. Granados. 2014. Rising complexity and falling explanatory power in ecology. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 12(7): 412–418.CrossRef
Ma, A., and J. Lu. 2011. Net ecosystem exchange of carbon and tidal effects in Chongxi wetland, Yangtze Estuary. Research of Environmental Sciences 24(7): 716–721. In Chinese, with English abstract.
Mauder, M., and T. Foken. 2004. Documentation and Instruction Manual of the Eddy Covariance Software Package TK2. Universität Bayreuth, Abteilung Mikrometeorologie: Arbeitsergebnisse 26, ISSN 1614–8924, 44 pp.
Mcleod, E., G.L. Chmura, S. Bouillon, et al. 2011. A blueprint for blue carbon: toward an improved understanding of the role of vegetated coastal habitats in sequestering CO2. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 9(10): 552–560.CrossRef
Miller, W.D., S.C. Neubauer, and I.C. Anderson. 2001. Effects of sea level induced disturbances on high salt marsh metabolism. Estuaries 24(3): 357–367.CrossRef
Moore, T.R., N.T. Roulet, and J.M. Waddington. 1998. Uncertainty in predicting the effect of climatic change on the carbon cycling of Canadian peatlands. Climatic Change 40(2): 229–245.CrossRef
Moreno-Sotomayor, A., A. Weiss, E.T. Paparozzi, et al. 2002. Stability of leaf anatomy and light response curves of field grown maize as a function of age and nitrogen status. Journal of Plant Physiology 159(8): 819–826.CrossRef
Neubauer, S.C. 2013. Ecosystem responses of a tidal freshwater marsh experiencing saltwater intrusion and altered hydrology. Estuaries and Coasts 36(3): 491–507.CrossRef
Neubauer, S.C., W.D. Miller, and I.C. Anderson. 2000. Carbon cycling in a tidal freshwater marsh ecosystem: a carbon gas flux study. Marine Ecology Progress Series 199: 13–30.CrossRef
Odum, E.P. 1971. Fundamentals of ecology, 3rd ed, 546. Philadelphia: WB Saunders.
Pendleton, L., D.C. Donato, B.C. Murray, et al. 2012. Estimating global “blue carbon” emissions from conversion and degradation of vegetated coastal ecosystems. PLoS One 7(9), e43542.CrossRef
Poffenbarger, H.J., B.A. Needelman, and J.P. Megonigal. 2011. Salinity influence on methane emissions from tidal marshes. Wetlands 31(5): 831–842.CrossRef
Reichstein, M., E. Falge, D. Baldocchi, et al. 2005. On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and ecosystem respiration: review and improved algorithm. Global Change Biology 11(9): 1424–1439.CrossRef
Roman, C.T., W.A. Niering, and R.S. Warren. 1984. Salt marsh vegetation change in response to tidal restriction. Environmental Management 8: 141–149.CrossRef
Ruimy, A., P.G. Jarvis, D.D. Baldocchi, et al. 1995. CO2 fluxes over plant canopies and solar radiation: a review. Advances in Ecological Research 26: 1–68.CrossRef
Schäfer, K.V.R., R. Tripathee, F. Artigas, et al. 2014. Carbon dioxide fluxes of an urban tidal marsh in the Hudson-Raritan estuary. Journal of Geophysical Research, Biogeosciences 119(11): 2065–2081.CrossRef
Schedlbauer, J.L., S.F. Oberbauer, G. Starr, et al. 2010. Seasonal differences in the CO2 exchange of a short-hydroperiod Florida Everglades marsh. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 150(7): 994–1006.CrossRef
Shurpali, N.J., S.B. Verma, J. Kim, et al. 1995. Carbon dioxide exchange in a peatland ecosystem. Journal of Geophysical Research 100(D7): 14319–14326.CrossRef
Silvola, J., J. Alm, U. Ahlholm, et al. 1996. CO2 fluxes from peat in boreal mires under varying temperature and moisture conditions. Journal of Ecology 84(2): 219–228.CrossRef
Sonnentag, O., G. Van der Kamp, A.G. Barr, et al. 2010. On the relationship between water table depth and water vapor and carbon dioxide fluxes in a minerotrophic fen. Global Change Biology 16(6): 1762–1776.CrossRef
Sun, S., Y. Cai, and X. Tian. 2003. Salt marsh vegetation change after a short-term tidal restriction in the Changjiang estuary. Wetlands 23: 257–266.CrossRef
Syed, K.H., L.B. Flanagan, P.J. Carlson, et al. 2006. Environmental control of net ecosystem CO2 exchange in a treed, moderately rich fen in northern Alberta. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 140(1): 97–114.CrossRef
Tang, J., D.D. Baldocchi, and L. Xu. 2005. Tree photosynthesis modulates soil respiration on a diurnal time scale. Global Change Biology 11(8): 1298–1304.CrossRef
Teal, J.M., and L. Weishar. 2005. Ecological engineering, adaptive management, and restoration management in Delaware Bay salt marsh restoration. Ecological Engineering 25(3): 304–314.CrossRef
Verville, J.H., S.E. Hobbie, F.S. Chapin III, et al. 1998. Response of tundra CH4 and CO2 flux to manipulation of temperature and vegetation. Biogeochemistry 41(3): 215–235.CrossRef
Webb, E.K., G.I. Pearman, and R. Leuning. 1980. Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 106(447): 85–100.
Weston, N.B., S.C. Neubauer, D.J. Velinsky, et al. 2014. Net ecosystem carbon exchange and the greenhouse gas balance of tidal marshes along an estuarine salinity gradient. Biogeochemistry 120(1–3): 1–27.
Wickland, K.P., R.G. Striegl, M.A. Mast, and D.W. Clow. 2001. Carbon gas exchange at a southern Rocky Mountain wetland, 1996–1998. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 15(2): 321–335.CrossRef
Wilson, K., A. Goldstein, E. Falge, et al. 2002. Energy balance closure at FLUXNET sites. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 113(1): 223–243.CrossRef
Xu, L., and D.D. Baldocchi. 2004. Seasonal variation in carbon dioxide exchange over a Mediterranean annual grassland in California. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 123(1): 79–96.CrossRef
Zemmelink, H.J., Slagter, H.A., Van Slooten, C., et al. 2009. Primary production and eddy correlation measurements of CO2 exchange over an intertidal estuary. Geophysical research letters, 36(19).
Zhong, Q., Q. Du, J. Gong, et al. 2013. Effects of in situ experimental air warming on the soil respiration in a coastal salt marsh reclaimed for agriculture. Plant and Soil 371(1–2): 487–502.CrossRef
Zhong, Q., J. Gong, K. Wang, et al. 2014. Effects of 3-year air warming on growth of two perennial grasses (Phragmites australis and Imperata cylindrica) in a coastal salt marsh reclaimed for agriculture. Aquatic Botany 117: 18–26.CrossRef
Zhou, L., G. Zhou, and Q. Jia. 2009. Annual cycle of CO2 exchange over a reed (Phragmites australis) wetland in Northeast China. Aquatic Botany 91(2): 91–98.CrossRef - 作者单位：Qicheng Zhong (1)
Kaiyun Wang (2)
Qifang Lai (1)
Chao Zhang (3)
Liang Zheng (1)
Jiangtao Wang (2)
1. Research Center for Saline Fisheries Technology, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, No. 300 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200090, China
2. Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, No. 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
3. Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, No. 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China - 刊物类别：Earth and Environmental Science
- 刊物主题：Environment
Environment
Ecology
Geosciences
Environmental Management
Nature Conservation - 出版者：Springer New York
- ISSN：1559-2731
文摘
Large areas of natural coastal wetlands have suffered severely from human-driven damages or conversions (e.g., land reclamations), but coastal carbon flux responses in reclaimed wetlands are largely unknown. The lack of knowledge of the environmental control mechanisms of carbon fluxes also limits the carbon budget management of reclaimed wetlands. The net ecosystem exchange (NEE) in a coastal wetland at Dongtan of Chongming Island in the Yangtze estuary was monitored throughout 2012 using the eddy covariance technique more than 14 years after this wetland was reclaimed using dykes to stop tidal flooding. The driving biophysical variables of NEE were also examined. The results showed that NEE displayed marked diurnal and seasonal variations. The monthly mean NEE showed that this ecosystem functioned as a CO2 sink during 9 months of the year, with a maximum value in September (−101.2 g C m−2) and a minimum value in November (−8.2 g C m−2). The annual CO2 balance of the reclaimed coastal wetland was −558.4 g C m−2 year−1. The ratio of ecosystem respiration (ER) to gross primary production (GPP) was 0.57, which suggests that 57 % of the organic carbon assimilated by wetland plants was consumed by plant respiration and soil heterotrophic respiration. Stepwise multiple linear regressions suggested that temperature and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) were the two dominant micrometeorological variables driving seasonal variations in NEE, while soil moisture (M s) and soil salinity (PSs) played minor roles. For the entire year, PAR and daytime NEE were significantly correlated, as well as temperature and nighttime NEE. These nonlinear relationships varied seasonally: the maximum ecosystem photosynthetic rate (A max), apparent quantum yield (∂), and Q 10 reached their peak values during summer (17.09 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1), autumn (0.13 μmol CO2 μmol−1 photon), and spring (2.16), respectively. Exceptionally high M s or PSs values indirectly restricted ecosystem CO2 fixation capacity by reducing the PAR sensitivity of the NEE. The leaf area index (LAI) and live aboveground biomass (AGBL) were significantly correlated with NEE during the growing season. Although the annual net CO2 fixation rate of the coastal reclaimed wetland was distinctly lower than the unreclaimed coastal wetland in the same region, it was quite high relative to many inland freshwater wetlands and estuarine/coastal wetlands located at latitudes higher than this site. Thus, it is concluded that although the net CO2 fixation capacity of the coastal wetland was reduced by land reclamation, it can still perform as an important CO2 sink. Keywords Yangtze estuary Coastal wetland Land reclamations CO2 sink capacity