Environmental Risk Assessment of the Reuse of Treated Wastewaters in the Souss-Massa River Basin

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• 关键词：Effluent quality ; Reuse ; Socioeconomical aspects ; Souss Massa ; Treated wastewater ; Treatment plants
• 刊名：The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry
• 出版年：2017
• 出版时间：2017
• 年：2017
• 卷：53
• 期：1
• 页码：197-212
• 参考文献：1.Choukr-Allah R, Hamdy A (2004) Wastewater treatment and reuse in Mediterranean region as a potential resource for drought mitigation. Options Méditerranéennes: Série B 47:219–243
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  4.Choukr-Allah R (2005) Wastewater treatment and reuse in Morocco: situation and perspectives. In: El Gamal F, LNe, Bogliotti C, Guelloubi R (eds) Options Méditerranéennes: Série B. Etudes et Recherches, vol 53. CIHEAM, Bari, pp 271–287
  5.Benzine L (2012) Réutilisation des eaux usées épurées dans le bassin de Souss Massa. Paper presented at the Journée de sensibilisation sur Les Potentialités et Perspectives de la Réutilisation des Eaux Usées Dans la Région du Sous Massa, Complexe Horticole d’Agadir
  6.Choukr-Allah R (2013) Interventions to increased efficiency and effectiveness of treated wastewater reuse in Agriculture in the Mediterranean Region. Paper presented at the international conference on sustainable water use for securing food production in the Mediterranean region under changing Climate, Agadir, Morocco, 10–15 Mar 2013
  7.Choukr-Allah R, Hamdy A (2003) Sustainability and optimization of treatments and reuse of wastewater in agriculture: case of Morocco. In: Hamdy A (ed) Regional Action Programme (RAP): water resources management and water saving in irrigated agriculture (WASIA PROJECT), Bari, Italy, 2003. Options Méditerranéennes: Série B. Etudes et Recherches. CIHEAM-IAMB, pp 77–87
  8.El Oualja H (2013) Étude de trois projets de réutilisation des eaux usées épurées (REUE) en valorisation industrielle, en sylviculture et en recharge de nappe. Paper presented at the CAC, Rabat, 4 Feb 2013
  9.Choukr-Allah R (1994) Unconventional water resources management in southern Morocco. In: Hamdy A (ed) International conference on land and water resources management in the Mediterranean region. Bari, Italy, pp 403–416
  10.Choukr-Allah R (2012) Perspectives of wastewater reuse in the Mediterranean region 2011. In: Choukr-Allah R, Ragab R, Rodriguez-Clemente R (eds) MELIA PROJECT FINAL CONFERENCE on “Integrated water resource management in the Mediterranean: Dialogue towards new strategy”. Springer, Agadir, Morocco, 19–22 June 2011
  11.Daoudi M (2011) Optimisation de la Réutilisation dans l’agriculture. Cas de Tiznit. Séminaire International sur la Réutilisation des Eaux Usées Traitées dans la Région Arabe; Unesco 06 JUIN 2011/RABAT
  12.Ganoulis J (2012) Risk analysis of wastewater reuse in agriculture. Ganoulis Int J Recycl Org Waste Agric 1(3):1–9
  13.Angelakis AN, Marecos Do Monte MHF, Bontoux L, Asano T (1999) The status of wastewater reuse practice in the Mediterranean basin: need for guidelines. Water Res 33(10):2201–2217
  14.Choukr-Allah R (1993) Municipal wastewater reclamation and reuse: Moroccan experiences. In: Hamdy A (ed) Advanced short course on sewage: treatment-practices-management for agriculture use in the Mediterranean countries Cairo. Egypt, pp 301–310
  
• 作者单位：R. Choukr-Allah (8) (9)
  H. Belouali (8)
  A. Nghira (10)
  
  8. Hassan II Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, Agadir, Morocco
  9. International Center for Biosaline Agriculture, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  10. Souss-Massa-Drâa Hydraulic Basin Agency, Agadir, Morocco
  
• 丛书名：The Souss‐Massa River Basin, Morocco
• ISBN：978-3-319-51131-3
• 卷排序：53

文摘

Souss-Massa watershed is suffering more and more from hydraulic deficit and the use of treated wastewater represents an alternative for water conservation, and sustainable economic growth of the region. The Agadir region is known for its agriculture and its tourist attraction, which puts a lot of pressure on water resources, and at the same time the potential of treated wastewater is around 50 million m3/year. The use of municipal wastewater (treated and untreated) in agriculture is becoming a routine practice in many (semi-) arid countries of the world. Wastewater and its nutrient content can be used extensively for irrigation and other ecosystem services, cutting on groundwater and freshwater consumption. Wastewater also offers environmental and socioeconomic benefits such as reduction in effluent disposal problems, supply of nutrients as fertilizer, and improvement in crop production during the dry season. Its reuse can deliver positive benefits (save freshwater, save fertilizer, and prevent pollution) to the farming community, society, and municipalities. Despite these advantages, wastewater applicability for irrigation depends on its physical, chemical, and microbiological quality. In fact, a continuous use of wastewater may cause serious health problems for humans and animals because of the possible heavy metal content. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to continue thorough investigations to evaluate the effects of wastewater irrigation on crops, grasses, soil, and environment before recommending it for long-term use.