Reflections on New York City’s 1947 Smallpox Vaccination Program and Its 1976 Swine Influenza Immunization Program

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• 作者：Pascal James Imperato
• 关键词：1947 New York City smallpox outbreak and vaccination program ; Dr. Israel Weinstein ; 1976 New York City swine influenza immunization program ; Dr. Lowell E. Bellin
• 刊名：Journal of Community Health
• 出版年：2015
• 出版时间：June 2015
• 年：2015
• 卷：40
• 期：3
• 页码：581-596
• 全文大小：453 KB
• 参考文献：1.Weinstein, I. (1947). An outbreak of smallpox in New York City. American Journal of Public Health, 37(11), 1376-384.View Article PubMed Central
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  8.Greenberg, M. (1948). Complications of vaccination against smallpox. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 76(5), 492-02.PubMed
  9.Imperato, P. J., & Imperato, G. H. (2014). New York City’s innovative epidemiologist: The life and career of Morris Greenberg. Journal of Community Health, 39(4), 682-87.View Article PubMed
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  13.Leavitt, J. W. (1995). Be safe. Be sure. New York City’s experience with epidemic smallpox. In Hives of sickness. Public health and epidemics in New York City (pp. 95-14). New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.
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  19.Vaccinations stop; drug supply gone; thousands turned away. The New York Times, 16 April, 1947, p. 1.
  20.Smallpox scare soon dissipated. The New York Times, 17 April 1947, p. 1.
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  29.Taubenberger, J. K., Reid, A. H., Lourens, R. M., Wang, R., Jin, G., & Fanning, T. G. (2005). Characterization of the 1918 influenza virus polymerase genes. Nature, 437(7060), 889-93.View Article PubMed
  30.Imperato, P. J. (2010). Lowell E. Bellin, MD 1951, MPH; 1928-997. Influential leader and devoted public servant. In M.J. Salw
• 作者单位：Pascal James Imperato (1)
  
  1. Downstate Medical Center, School of Public Health, State University of New York, 450 Clarkson Avenue, MSC 43, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
  
• 刊物类别：Medicine
• 刊物主题：Medicine & Public Health
  Public Health
  Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
  Ethics
  
• 出版者：Springer Netherlands
• ISSN：1573-3610

文摘

In 1947, a smallpox outbreak occurred in New York City with a total of twelve cases and two deaths. In order to contain this outbreak, the New York City Department of Health launched a mass immunization campaign that over a period of some 60?days vaccinated 6.35 million people. This article examines in detail the epidemiology of this outbreak and the measures employed to contain it. In 1976, a swine influenza strain was isolated among a few recruits at a US Army training camp at Fort Dix, New Jersey. It was concluded at the time that this virus possibly represented a re-appearance of the 1918 influenza pandemic influenza strain. As a result, a mass national immunization program was launched by the federal government. From its inception, the program encountered a myriad of challenges ranging from doubts that it was even necessary to the development of Guillain-Barré paralysis among some vaccine recipients. This paper examines the planning for and implementation of the swine flu immunization program in New York City. It also compares it to the smallpox vaccination program of 1947. Despite equivalent financial and personnel resources, leadership and organizational skills, the 1976 program only immunized approximately a tenth of the number of New York City residents vaccinated in 1947. The reasons for these marked differences in outcomes are discussed in detail.