Transmissivity of solar radiation through crowns of single urban trees—application for outdoor thermal comfort modelling
详细信息 查看全文
- 作者：Janina Konarska (1)
Fredrik Lindberg (1)
Annika Larsson (2)
Sofia Thorsson (1)
Bj?rn Holmer (1) - 刊名：Theoretical and Applied Climatology
- 出版年：2014
- 出版时间：August 2014
- 年：2014
- 卷：117
- 期：3-4
- 页码：363-376
- 全文大小：14,548 KB
- 参考文献：1. Akbari H, Pomerantz M, Taha H (2001) Cool surfaces and shade trees to reduce energy use and improve air quality in urban areas. Solar Energy 70(3):295-10 CrossRef
2. Ali-Toudert F, Mayer H (2005) Thermal comfort in urban streets with trees under hot summer conditions. In: Proc. 22th Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture (PLEA), Beirut, Lebanon, 13-6 November 2005. pp 699-04
3. Anderson MC (1964) Studies of the Woodland light climate. 1. The photographic computation of light conditions. J Ecol 52(1):27-1 CrossRef
4. Bowler DE, Buyung-Ali L, Knight TM, Pullin AS (2010) Urban greening to cool towns and cities: a systematic review of the empirical evidence. Landsc Urban Plann 97(3):147-55 CrossRef
5. Bruse M (2004) ENVI-met 3.0: Updated Model Overview. http://www.envi-met.com/documents/papers/overview30.pdf. Accessed on 7 January 2013
6. Bruse M, Fleer H (1998) Simulating surface-plant-air interactions inside urban environments with a three dimensional numerical model. Environ Model Software 13(3-):373-84 CrossRef
7. Cantón MA, Cortegoso JL, Derosa C (1994) Solar permeability of urban trees in cities of western Argentina. Energy and Buildings 20(3):219-30 CrossRef
8. Chapman L (2007) Potential applications of near-infrared hemispherical imagery in forest environments. Agricultural & Forest Meteorology 143:151-56 CrossRef
9. de Abreu LV, Labaki LC (2008) 648: Evaluation of the radius of influence of different arboreal species on microclimate provided by vegetation. In: PLEA 2008 - 25th Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, Dublin
10. Dimoudi A, Nikolopoulou M (2003) Vegetation in the urban environment: microclimatic analysis and benefits. Energy and Buildings 35(1):69-6 CrossRef
11. Dragoni D, Schmid HP, Wayson CA, Potter H, Grimmond CSB, Randolph JC (2011) Evidence of increased net ecosystem productivity associated with a longer vegetated season in a deciduous forest in south-central Indiana, USA. Global Change Biol 17(2):886-97 CrossRef
12. Gardner TJ, Sydnor TD (1984) Interception of summer and winter insolation by 5 shade tree species. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 109(4):448-50
13. Gay LW, Knoerr KR, Braaten MO (1971) Solar radiation variability on the floor of a pine plantation. Agr Meteorol 8:39-0 CrossRef
14. Hardy JP, Melloh R, Koenig G, Marks D, Winstral A, Pomeroy JW, Link T (2004) Solar radiation transmission through conifer canopies. Agric For Meteorol 126(3-):257-70 CrossRef
15. Heisler GM (1986) Effects of individual trees on the solar-radiation climate of small buildings. Urban Ecol 9(3-):337-59 CrossRef
16. Jauregui E (1991) Influence of a large urban park on temperature and convective precipitation in a tropical city. Energy and Buildings 15(3-):457-63
17. Liakatas A, Proutsos N, Alexandris S (2002) Optical properties affecting the radiant energy of an oak forest. Meteorol Appl 9(4):433-36 CrossRef
18. Lindberg F (2012) The SOLWEIG-model. http://www.gvc.gu.se/Forskning/klimat/stadsklimat/gucg/software/solweig/. Accessed on 7 January 2013
19. Lindberg F, Grimmond CSB (2011) The influence of vegetation and building morphology on shadow patterns and mean radiant temperatures in urban areas: model development and evaluation. Theor Appl Climatol 105(3-):311-23 CrossRef
20. Lindberg F, Holmer B, Thorsson S (2008) SOLWEIG 1.0—modelling spatial variations of 3D radiant fluxes and mean radiant temperature in complex urban settings. Int J Biometeorol 52(7):697-13 CrossRef
21. Matzarakis A, Rutz F, Mayer H (2007) Modelling radiation fluxes in simple and complex environments—application of the RayMan model. Int J Biometeorol 51(4):323-34 CrossRef
22. Mayer H, Hoppe P (1987) Thermal comfort of man in different urban environments. Theor Appl Climatol 38(1):43-9 CrossRef
23. Mayer H, Kuppe S, Holst J, Imbery F, Matzarakis A (2009) Human thermal comfort below the canopy of street trees on a typical Central European summer day. Ber Meteor Inst Univ Freiburg 18:211-19
24. Ni WG, Li XW, Woodcock CE, Roujean JL, Davis RE (1997) Transmission of solar radiation in boreal conifer forests: measurements and models. J Geophys Res-Atmos 102(D24):29555-9566 CrossRef
25. Norman JM, Jarvis PG (1974) Photosynthesis in Sitka Spruce (Picea-sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.). III. Measurements of canopy structure and interception of radiation. J Appl Ecol 11(1):375-98 CrossRef
26. Oke TR (1987) Boundary layer climates. 2nd edn. Methuen, London; New York
27. Oke TR (1989) The micrometeorology of the urban forest. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences 324(1223):335-49 CrossRef
28. Pomeroy JW, Dion K (1996) Winter radiation extinction and reflection in a boreal pine canopy: measurements and modelling. Hydrological Processes 10(12):1591-608 CrossRef
29. Rich PM, Clark DB, Clark DA, Oberbauer SF (1993) Long-term study of solar-radiation regimes in a tropical wet forest using quantum sensors and hemispherical photography. Agr Forest Meteorol 65(1-):107-27 CrossRef
30. Robitu M, Musy M, Inard C, Groleau D (2006) Modeling the influence of vegetation and water pond on urban microclimate. Solar Energy 80(4):435-47 CrossRef
31. Shashua-Bar L, Hoffman ME (2000) Vegetation as a climatic component in the design of an urban street—an empirical model for predicting the cooling effect of urban green areas with trees. Energy and Buildings 31(3):221-35 CrossRef
32. Shashua-Bar L, Pearlmutter D, Erell E (2011) The influence of trees and grass on outdoor thermal comfort in a hot-arid environment. Int J Climatol 31(10):1498-506 CrossRef
33. Simpson JR, McPherson EG (1996) Potential of tree shade for reducing residential energy use in California. J Arboric 22(1):10-8
34. Thayer RL, Maeda BT (1985) Measuring street tree impact on solar performance: a five-climate computer modeling study. J Arboric 11:1-1
35. Thorsson S, Lindberg F, Eliasson I, Holmer B (2007) Different methods for estimating the mean radiant temperature in an outdoor urban setting. Int J Climatol 27(14):1983-993 CrossRef
36. Thorsson S, Lindberg F, Bjorklund J, Holmer B, Rayner D (2011) Potential changes in outdoor thermal comfort conditions in Gothenburg, Sweden due to climate change: the influence of urban geometry. Int J Climatol 31(2):324-35 CrossRef
37. Upmanis H, Eliasson I, Lindqvist S (1998) The influence of green areas on nocturnal temperatures in a high latitude city (Goteborg, Sweden). Int J Climatol 18(6):681-00 CrossRef
38. Wilkinson DM (1991) Can photographic methods be used for measuring the light attenuation characteristics of trees in leaf? Landsc Urban Plann 20(4):347-49 CrossRef
39. Wood J (2007) User Manual for the Sunshine Pyranometer Type SPN1. http://www.delta-t.co.uk/product-downloads.asp?$=Product%20Manuals. Accessed on 26 July 2013
40. Yates D, McKennan G (1988) Solar architecture and light attenuation by trees: conflict or compromise? Landscape Research 13(1):19-3 CrossRef
41. Youngberg RJ (1983) Shading effects of deciduous trees. J Arboric 9(11):295-97
42. Zipperer WC, Sisinni SM, Pouyat RV, Foresman TW (1997) Urban tree cover: an ecological perspective. Urban Ecosyst 1:229-46 CrossRef - 作者单位：Janina Konarska (1)
Fredrik Lindberg (1)
Annika Larsson (2)
Sofia Thorsson (1)
Bj?rn Holmer (1)
1. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 460, Gothenburg, 405-30, Sweden
2. Faculty of Landscape Planning, Horticulture and Agricultural Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Box 52, Alnarp, 230-3, Sweden - ISSN：1434-4483
文摘
Trees play an important role in mitigating heat stress on hot summer days, mainly due to their ability to provide shade. However, an important issue is also the reduction of solar radiation caused by trees in winter, in particular at high latitudes. In this study, we examine the transmissivity of total and direct solar radiation through crowns of single street trees in G?teborg, Sweden. One coniferous and four deciduous trees of species common in northern European cities were selected for case study. Radiation measurements were conducted on nine clear days in 2011-012 in foliated and leafless tree conditions using two sunshine pyranometers—one located in shade of a tree and the other one on the roof of an adjacent building. The measurements showed a significant reduction of total and direct shortwave radiation in the shade of the studied trees, both foliated and leafless. Average transmissivity of direct solar radiation through the foliated and defoliated tree crowns ranged from 1.3 to 5.3?% and from 40.2 to 51.9?%, respectively. The results confirm the potential of a single urban tree to reduce heat stress in urban environment. However, the relatively low transmissivity through defoliated trees should be considered while planning street trees in high latitude cities, where the solar access in winter is limited. The results were used for parameterisation of SOLWEIG model for a better estimation of the mean radiant temperature (Tmrt). Measured values of transmissivity of solar radiation through both foliated and leafless trees were found to improve the model performance.