The occurrence of defensive alkaloids in non-integumentary tissues of the Brazilian red-belly toad Melanophryniscus simplex (Bufonidae)

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• 作者：Taran Grant (1)
  Patrick Colombo (2)
  Laura Verrastro (3)
  Ralph A. Saporito (4) ralph.saporito@gmail.com
• 关键词：Anura – ; Amphibia – ; Chemical defense – ; Sequestration
• 刊名：Chemoecology
• 出版年：2012
• 出版时间：September 2012
• 年：2012
• 卷：22
• 期：3
• 页码：169-178
• 全文大小：428.7 KB
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• 作者单位：1. Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Bioci锚ncias, Universidade de S茫o Paulo, C.P. 11461, S茫o Paulo, SP 05422-970, Brazil2. Laborat贸rio de Sistem谩tica de Vertebrados, Faculdade de Bioci锚ncias, Pontif铆cia Universidade Cat贸lica do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga 6681, Porto Alegre, RS 90619-900, Brazil3. Laborat贸rio de Herpetologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Bioci锚ncias, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gon莽alves 9500, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil4. Department of Biology, John Carroll University, University Heights, Ohio, 44118 USA
• ISSN：1423-0445

文摘

The red-belly toads (Melanophryniscus) of southern South America secrete defensive alkaloids from dermal granular glands. To date, all information on Melanophryniscus alkaloids has been obtained by extraction from either skins or whole organisms; however, in other amphibians, tetrodotoxins, samandarines, and bufadienolides have been detected in both skin and other organs, which raise the possibility that lipophilic alkaloids may occur in non-integumentary tissues in Melanophryniscus as well. To test this hypothesis, we studied the distribution of alkaloids in the skin, skeletal muscle, liver, and mature oocytes of the red-belly toad M. simplex from three localities in southern Brazil. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry of skin extracts from 11 individuals of M. simplex resulted in the detection of 47 alkaloids (including isomers), 9 unclassified and 38 from 12 known structural classes. Each alkaloid that was present in the skin of an individual was also present in the same relative proportion in that individual’s skeletal muscle, liver, and oocytes. The most abundant and widely distributed alkaloids were the pumiliotoxins 251D, 267C, and 323A, 5,8-disubstituted indolizidines 207A and 223D, 5,6,8-trisubstituted indolizidine 231B, 3,5-disubstituted pyrrolizidines cis-223B and cis- and trans-251K, and izidine 211C. We report the first record of piperidines in Melanophryniscus, bringing the total number of alkaloid classes detected in this genus to 16. Alkaloid composition differed significantly among the three study sites. The functional significance of defensive chemicals in non-integumentary tissues is unknown.