How oocytes try to get it right: spindle checkpoint control in meiosis

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• 作者：Sandra A. Touati ; Katja Wassmann
• 关键词：Meiosis ; Spindle assembly checkpoint ; Mouse oocytes ; Cohesin protection ; Aneuploidy ; Monopolar attachment
• 刊名：Chromosoma
• 出版年：2016
• 出版时间：June 2016
• 年：2016
• 卷：125
• 期：2
• 页码：321-335
• 全文大小：558 KB
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• 作者单位：Sandra A. Touati (1) (2) (3)
  Katja Wassmann (1) (2)
  
  1. Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), UMR7622, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
  2. CNRS, IBPS, UMR7622 Developmental Biology Lab, Paris, France
  3. Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
  
• 刊物类别：Biomedical and Life Sciences
• 刊物主题：Life Sciences
  Cell Biology
  Developmental Biology
  Biochemistry
  Human Genetics
  Animal Genetics and Genomics
  Eukaryotic Microbiology
  
• 出版者：Springer Berlin / Heidelberg
• ISSN：1432-0886

文摘

The generation of a viable, diploid organism depends on the formation of haploid gametes, oocytes, and spermatocytes, with the correct number of chromosomes. Halving the genome requires the execution of two consecutive specialized cell divisions named meiosis I and II. Unfortunately, and in contrast to male meiosis, chromosome segregation in oocytes is error prone, with human oocytes being extraordinarily “meiotically challenged”. Aneuploid oocytes, that are with the wrong number of chromosomes, give rise to aneuploid embryos when fertilized. In humans, most aneuploidies are lethal and result in spontaneous abortions. However, some trisomies survive to birth or even adulthood, such as the well-known trisomy 21, which gives rise to Down syndrome (Nagaoka et al. in Nat Rev Genet 13:493–504, 2012). A staggering 20–25 % of oocytes ready to be fertilized are aneuploid in humans. If this were not bad enough, there is an additional increase in meiotic missegregations as women get closer to menopause. A woman above 40 has a risk of more than 30 % of getting pregnant with a trisomic child. Worse still, in industrialized western societies, child birth is delayed, with women getting their first child later in life than ever. This trend has led to an increase of trisomic pregnancies by 70 % in the last 30 years (Nagaoka et al. in Nat Rev Genet 13:493–504, 2012; Schmidt et al. in Hum Reprod Update 18:29–43, 2012). To understand why errors occur so frequently during the meiotic divisions in oocytes, we review here the molecular mechanisms at works to control chromosome segregation during meiosis. An important mitotic control mechanism, namely the spindle assembly checkpoint or SAC, has been adapted to the special requirements of the meiotic divisions, and this review will focus on our current knowledge of SAC control in mammalian oocytes. Knowledge on how chromosome segregation is controlled in mammalian oocytes may help to identify risk factors important for questions related to human reproductive health.