Theoretical elucidation of the metabolic mechanisms of phenothiazine neuroleptic chlorpromazine catalyzed by cytochrome P450 isoenzyme 1A2

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• 作者：Zhiyu Xue ; Yan Zhang ; Jing Tao ; Yuan Kang ; Zeqin Chen…
• 刊名：Theoretical Chemistry Accounts: Theory, Computation, and Modeling (Theoretica Chimica Acta)
• 出版年：2016
• 出版时间：September 2016
• 年：2016
• 卷：135
• 期：9
• 全文大小：5,589 KB
• 刊物类别：Chemistry and Materials Science
• 刊物主题：Chemistry
  Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
  Inorganic Chemistry
  Organic Chemistry
  Physical Chemistry
  
• 出版者：Springer Berlin / Heidelberg
• ISSN：1432-2234
• 卷排序：135

文摘

Chlorpromazine, belonging to the first-generation antipsychotics, is known to cause some side effects, such as hepatotoxicity and agranulocytosis. The metabolic mechanisms of chlorpromazine remain elusive up to now, but are thought to result in the formation of some reactive metabolites having side effects on the parent drug. The goal of this work was to explore the metabolic mechanisms of chlorpromazine catalyzed by cytochrome P450 isoenzyme 1A2, a highly important activating enzyme of cytochrome P450 family, using DFT calculation. Three types of metabolic mechanisms were characterized, including S-oxidation, aromatic hydroxylation and N-dealkylation. The calculated results demonstrate that N₁₄-demethylation is the most thermodynamically and kinetically favorable metabolic pathway of chlorpromazine, followed by S₅-oxidation. Then, mono-N-desmethylchlorpromazine is the most feasible chlorpromazine metabolite, which can occur further demethylation to form di-N-desmethylchlorpromazine. Besides, chlorpromazine 5-sulfoxide and 7-hydroxychlorpromazine are both the possible metabolites of chlorpromazine. Interestingly, N-methyl hydroxylation, the rate-limiting step of N-demethylation, proceeds predominantly via a single-electron-transfer mechanism. All the proton transfer processes involved in the aromatic hydroxylation and N-dealkylation prefer to occurrence in a water-assisted enzymatic process. Each metabolic pathway proceeds in the spin-selective manner via the low-spin state of Cpd I. Our results are in good accordance with the experimental observations, which can provide some essential implications for the metabolic mechanisms of chlorpromazine-like drugs.KeywordsChlorpromazineCYP1A2S-oxidationAromatic hydroxylationN-dealkylation