Staying afloat: State strategies, international dynamics, and local outcomes in managing Zanzibar's marine protected areas.

详细信息   

• 作者：Levine ; Arielle Sarah.
• 学历：Doctor
• 年：2006
• 导师：Carr, Claudia J.
• 毕业院校：University of California
• 专业：Geography.;Political Science, General.;Environmental Sciences.
• CBH：3253951
• Country：USA
• 语种：English
• FileSize：15537625
• Pages：248

文摘

Funding for international conservation initiatives has shifted away from directly supporting developing states towards privatization and decentralization in natural resource management, feeding the rise of international NGOs and private sector actors in conservation programs in the developing world. Developing countries increasingly work through external actors to support protected area management programs. The government of Zanzibar has established an innovative system to guarantee access to international funding through its Environmental Management for Sustainable Development Act. This Act strategically enables external organizations to be designated as protected area managers while maintaining a role for the state as an intermediary in reaching local communities. While this system allows protected areas to be established when government resources are limited, it sets up a convoluted relationship between the Zanzibari state, international agencies, and local communities that is not conducive to fostering sustainable programs. In the case of Zanzibar's marine protected areas, this dynamic has resulted in a number of challenges, including: difficulty in linking conservation and development objectives, the limitations of ecotourism as a development strategy, uneven concentration of program resources, ineffective "cookie-cutter" approaches to conservation, and the peripheralization of the Zanzibari state in natural resource management. The dynamic also has negative implications for local capacity-building, as state power is threatened by a strong civil society, giving government agencies a perverse incentive to undercut local capacity in order to secure their own role as necessary intermediaries between local communities and international institutions. Although these programs are framed as "community-based," accountability flows outwards towards international agencies, and local communities and developing nations have little control over program priorities and outcomes. While this system provides a functional response to the priorities of international development funders, the local-level outcomes lie far from the rhetoric of program sponsors. The outcomes in Zanzibar demonstrate that the role of the state in development cannot simply be minimized. The state, civil society, and international institutions are not isolated actors, but are interdependent and mutually constitutive. To promote more effective conservation programs, attention is needed towards supporting adaptive programs that incorporate multi-level interaction and program facilitation between state, international, and community-level actors.