日喀则弧前盆地的埋藏和剥蚀历史——来自低温热年代学的约束
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摘要
日喀则弧前盆地紧邻印度板块与欧亚大陆碰撞带,研究其剥蚀历史对理解印度板块与欧亚大陆碰撞对造山带剥蚀的影响具有重要意义。文中利用磷灰石裂变径迹(AFT)及锆石和磷灰石的(U-Th)/He(ZHe和AHe)年龄数据,结合已发表的低温热年代数据探讨日喀则弧前盆地的热演化和剥露历史。日喀则弧前盆地磷灰石裂变径迹年龄存在明显的南北差异,南部磷灰石裂变径迹年龄为74～44Ma,对应的剥蚀速率为0. 03～0. 1km/Ma,剥蚀量≤2km;北部磷灰石裂变径迹年龄为27～15Ma,剥蚀速率为0. 09～0. 29km/Ma,但缺失早新生代的热演化历史。而磷灰石的(U-Th)/He年龄表明15Ma BP之后日喀则弧前盆地整体呈现一致的剥露历史。低温热年代数据表明日喀则弧前盆地南部自新生代以来尽管受到印度板块与欧亚大陆碰撞及后期断层活动的影响,海拔由海平面抬升至4. 2km,但一直保持缓慢的剥蚀,表明高原隆升并未直接促使该地区的岩石剥蚀速率加快,这与快速剥蚀即代表造山带开始隆升的假设不相符。此外,日喀则弧前盆地北部的低温热年代学研究表明晚渐新世—早中新世Kailas盆地仅发育于日喀则弧前盆地与冈底斯造山带之间的狭长地带,并在短期内经历了快速的埋藏和剥露。
The Xigaze fore-arc basin is adjacent to the Indian plate and Eurasia collision zone.Understanding the erosion history of the Xigaze fore-arc basin is significant for realizing the impact of the orogenic belt due to the collision between the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate. The different uplift patterns of the plateau will form different denudation characteristics. If all part of Tibet Plateau uplifted at the same time,the erosion rate of exterior Tibet Plateau will be much larger than the interior plateau due to the active tectonic action,relief,and outflow system at the edge. If the plateau grows from the inside to the outside or from the north to south sides,the strong erosion zone will gradually change along the tectonic active zone that expands to the outward,north,or south sides.Therefore,the different uplift patterns are likely to retain corresponding evidence on the erosion information. The Xigaze fore-arc basin is adjacent to the Yarlung Zangbo suture zone. Its burial,deformation and erosion history during or after the collision between the Indian plate and Eurasia are very important to understand the influence of plateau uplift on erosion.In this study,we use the apatite fission track(AFT) ages and zircon and apatite(U-Th)/He(ZHe and AHe) ages,combined with the published low-temperature thermochronological age to explore the thermal evolution process of the Xigaze fore-arc basin. The samples' elevation is in the range of 3 860 ～ 4 070 m. All zircon and apatite samples were dated by the external detector method,using low ～ U mica sheets as external detectors for fission track ages. A Zeiss Axioskop microscope(1 250×,dry) and FT Stage 4. 04 system at the Fission Track Laboratory of the University of Waikato in New Zealand were used to carry out fission track counting. We crushed our samples finely,and then used standard heavy liquid and magnetic separation with additional handpicking methods to select zircon and apatite grains.The new results show that the ZHe age of the sample M7-01 is(27. 06±2. 55) Ma(Table 2),and the corresponding AHe age is(9. 25±0. 76) Ma. The ZHe and AHe ages are significantly smaller than the stratigraphic age,indicating suffering from annealing reset(Table 3). The fission apatite fission track ages are between(74. 1± 7. 8) Ma and(18. 7± 2. 9) Ma,which are less than the corresponding stratigraphic age. The maximum AFT age is(74. 1± 7. 8) Ma,and the minimum AFT age is(18. 7±2. 9) Ma. There is a significant north ～ south difference in the apatite fission track ages of the Xigaze fore-arc basin. The apatite fission track ages of the south part are 74 ～ 44 Ma,the corresponding exhumation rate is 0. 03 ～ 0. 1 km/Ma,and the denudation is less than 2 km; the apatite fission track ages of the north part range from 27 to 15 Ma and the ablation rate is 0. 09 ～ 0. 29 km/Ma,but it lacks the exhumation information of the early Cenozoic. The apatite(U-Th)/He age indicates that the north ～ south Xigaze fore-arc basin has a consistent exhumation history after 15 Ma.The results of low temperature thermochronology show that exhumation histories are different between the northern and southern Xigaze fore-arc basin. From 70 to 60 Ma,the southern Xigaze forearc basin has been maintained in the depth of 0 ～ 6 km in the near surface,and has not been eroded or buried beyond this depth. The denudation is less than the north. The low-temperature thermochronological data of the northern part only record the exhumation history after 30 Ma because of the young low-temperature thermochronological data. During early Early Miocene,the rapid erosion in the northern part of Xigaze fore-arc basin may be related to the river incision of the paleo-Yarlungzangbo River. The impact of Great Count Thrust on regional erosion is limited. The AHe data shows that the exhumation history of the north-south Xigaze fore-arc basin are consistent after 15 Ma. In addition,the low-temperature thermochronological data of the northern Xigaze fore-arc basin constrains geographic range of the Kailas conglomerate during the late Oligocene ～ Miocene along the Yarlung Zangbo suture zone. The Kailas Basin only develops in the narrow,elongated zone between the fore-arc basin and the Gangdese orogenic belt.The southern part of the Xigaze fore-arc basin has been uplifted from the sea level to the plateau at an altitude of 4. 2 km,despite the collision of the Indian plate with the Eurasian continent and the late fault activity,but the plateau has been slowly denuded since the early Cenozoic. The rise did not directly contribute to the accelerated erosion in the area,which is inconsistent with the assumption that rapid erosion means that the orogenic belt begins to rise.
The Xigaze fore-arc basin is adjacent to the Indian plate and Eurasia collision zone.Understanding the erosion history of the Xigaze fore-arc basin is significant for realizing the impact of the orogenic belt due to the collision between the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate. The different uplift patterns of the plateau will form different denudation characteristics. If all part of Tibet Plateau uplifted at the same time,the erosion rate of exterior Tibet Plateau will be much larger than the interior plateau due to the active tectonic action,relief,and outflow system at the edge. If the plateau grows from the inside to the outside or from the north to south sides,the strong erosion zone will gradually change along the tectonic active zone that expands to the outward,north,or south sides.Therefore,the different uplift patterns are likely to retain corresponding evidence on the erosion information. The Xigaze fore-arc basin is adjacent to the Yarlung Zangbo suture zone. Its burial,deformation and erosion history during or after the collision between the Indian plate and Eurasia are very important to understand the influence of plateau uplift on erosion.In this study,we use the apatite fission track(AFT) ages and zircon and apatite(U-Th)/He(ZHe and AHe) ages,combined with the published low-temperature thermochronological age to explore the thermal evolution process of the Xigaze fore-arc basin. The samples' elevation is in the range of 3 860 ～ 4 070 m. All zircon and apatite samples were dated by the external detector method,using low ～ U mica sheets as external detectors for fission track ages. A Zeiss Axioskop microscope(1 250×,dry) and FT Stage 4. 04 system at the Fission Track Laboratory of the University of Waikato in New Zealand were used to carry out fission track counting. We crushed our samples finely,and then used standard heavy liquid and magnetic separation with additional handpicking methods to select zircon and apatite grains.The new results show that the ZHe age of the sample M7-01 is(27. 06±2. 55) Ma(Table 2),and the corresponding AHe age is(9. 25±0. 76) Ma. The ZHe and AHe ages are significantly smaller than the stratigraphic age,indicating suffering from annealing reset(Table 3). The fission apatite fission track ages are between(74. 1± 7. 8) Ma and(18. 7± 2. 9) Ma,which are less than the corresponding stratigraphic age. The maximum AFT age is(74. 1± 7. 8) Ma,and the minimum AFT age is(18. 7±2. 9) Ma. There is a significant north ～ south difference in the apatite fission track ages of the Xigaze fore-arc basin. The apatite fission track ages of the south part are 74 ～ 44 Ma,the corresponding exhumation rate is 0. 03 ～ 0. 1 km/Ma,and the denudation is less than 2 km; the apatite fission track ages of the north part range from 27 to 15 Ma and the ablation rate is 0. 09 ～ 0. 29 km/Ma,but it lacks the exhumation information of the early Cenozoic. The apatite(U-Th)/He age indicates that the north ～ south Xigaze fore-arc basin has a consistent exhumation history after 15 Ma.The results of low temperature thermochronology show that exhumation histories are different between the northern and southern Xigaze fore-arc basin. From 70 to 60 Ma,the southern Xigaze forearc basin has been maintained in the depth of 0 ～ 6 km in the near surface,and has not been eroded or buried beyond this depth. The denudation is less than the north. The low-temperature thermochronological data of the northern part only record the exhumation history after 30 Ma because of the young low-temperature thermochronological data. During early Early Miocene,the rapid erosion in the northern part of Xigaze fore-arc basin may be related to the river incision of the paleo-Yarlungzangbo River. The impact of Great Count Thrust on regional erosion is limited. The AHe data shows that the exhumation history of the north-south Xigaze fore-arc basin are consistent after 15 Ma. In addition,the low-temperature thermochronological data of the northern Xigaze fore-arc basin constrains geographic range of the Kailas conglomerate during the late Oligocene ～ Miocene along the Yarlung Zangbo suture zone. The Kailas Basin only develops in the narrow,elongated zone between the fore-arc basin and the Gangdese orogenic belt.The southern part of the Xigaze fore-arc basin has been uplifted from the sea level to the plateau at an altitude of 4. 2 km,despite the collision of the Indian plate with the Eurasian continent and the late fault activity,but the plateau has been slowly denuded since the early Cenozoic. The rise did not directly contribute to the accelerated erosion in the area,which is inconsistent with the assumption that rapid erosion means that the orogenic belt begins to rise.
引文
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