不同改良剂对黄土坡耕豆地水土及氮磷流失的影响
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摘要
土壤改良剂对改善土壤结构、减少土壤及养分流失有着重要意义。通过野外人工模拟降雨试验,研究在暴雨(100 mm/h)条件下,不同改良剂(聚丙烯酰胺PAM、羧甲基纤维素钠CMC和腐殖酸HA)对坡耕大豆地的水土和氮磷流失过程的影响。结果表明:与对照处理CK相比较,施用PAM和CMC后,均表现出减小入渗、增加径流的作用,分别较对照处理增加径流20.8%和12.1%;HA处理较CK处理径流量略微增加,但变化较小。施加改良剂对控制土壤侵蚀的效果均优于对照处理,减沙作用表现为PAM>CMC>HA,泥沙累积流失量分别减少34.8%、22.5%和7.9%。施用PAM和CMC在径流中后期,对铵态氮流失的抑制作用优于HA和CK;而施加改良剂对水溶性磷流失过程的影响并不明显,PAM处理的径流中,水溶性磷流失总量最大,约为对照处理的1.13倍。不同改良剂处理的土壤剖面铵态氮质量分数差异较大,但表层15 cm总体表现为PAM>CMC>CK>HA;HA处理促进大豆根系生长,增加了土壤渗透性及铵态氮的淋溶深度。土壤有效磷主要集中在表层10 cm土壤内部,10 cm以下质量分数极低。改良剂在黄土坡耕地的施用,对减少土壤侵蚀和控制养分流失方面能够发挥一定作用,可为改良剂的合理选择和施用提供科学指导。
[Background]Soil erosion caused by rainfall contributes significantly to land degradation and nonpoint source pollution in the Loess Plateau. The application of soil amendment agent may improve soil structure and promote crop growth,which is of significance to reduce soil erosion and improve soil fertility. [Methods] In order to clarify the influence of three different amendments( Polyacrylamide( PAM),sodium carboxymethyl cellulose( CMC),and humic acid( HA)) on characteristics of surface runoff,sediment transport and nutrients losses on soil water and the distribution of nutrients in soil profile of soybean( Glycine max L.) fields during the heavy rainstorm( rainfall intensity was 100 mm/h),a stimulated rainfall experiment was performed at Changwu State Key Agro-Experimental Station on the Loess Plateau. [Results] Compared with CK( without soil amendment),the application of PAM andCMC amendments reduced soil infiltration capacity and increased surface runoff,and the total runoff amount increased by 20. 8% and 12. 1% respectively while HA had no significant influence on surface runoff. By comparison,three soil amendments had effects on reducing sediment yield. The sediment yield were reduced by PAM,CMC and HA,and the reduction rate were 34. 8%,22. 5% and 7. 9%,respectively. Hence,PAM worked best in reducing rainfall erosion. PAM and CMC had a better performance in inhibiting ammonium nitrogen losses than that of the HA and CK in the middle and late stage. There was no obvious effects of soil amendment on soluble phosphorus loss,but PAM treatment resulted in a highest loss of soluble phosphorus which was 1. 13 times amount of CK. There was a highest ammonium nitrogen loss under CK condition, followed by PAM, CMC and HA. The content of ammonium nitrogen at the depth of 15 cm was the highest under PAM treatment condition,followed by CMC,CK and HA. And HA increased the leaching depth of ammonium nitrogen. In addition,soil available phosphorus was mainly concentrated in the inner 10 cm of surface soil layer. [Conclusions]Soil amendments like PAM,CMC and HA can play a certain role in the reduction of soil erosion and preventing nutrient over slope land on the Loess Plateau,but PAM may have no effect on soluble phosphorus loss. The results of this study may provide a scientific guidance for the rational selection and application of the local soil conditioner.
[Background]Soil erosion caused by rainfall contributes significantly to land degradation and nonpoint source pollution in the Loess Plateau. The application of soil amendment agent may improve soil structure and promote crop growth,which is of significance to reduce soil erosion and improve soil fertility. [Methods] In order to clarify the influence of three different amendments( Polyacrylamide( PAM),sodium carboxymethyl cellulose( CMC),and humic acid( HA)) on characteristics of surface runoff,sediment transport and nutrients losses on soil water and the distribution of nutrients in soil profile of soybean( Glycine max L.) fields during the heavy rainstorm( rainfall intensity was 100 mm/h),a stimulated rainfall experiment was performed at Changwu State Key Agro-Experimental Station on the Loess Plateau. [Results] Compared with CK( without soil amendment),the application of PAM andCMC amendments reduced soil infiltration capacity and increased surface runoff,and the total runoff amount increased by 20. 8% and 12. 1% respectively while HA had no significant influence on surface runoff. By comparison,three soil amendments had effects on reducing sediment yield. The sediment yield were reduced by PAM,CMC and HA,and the reduction rate were 34. 8%,22. 5% and 7. 9%,respectively. Hence,PAM worked best in reducing rainfall erosion. PAM and CMC had a better performance in inhibiting ammonium nitrogen losses than that of the HA and CK in the middle and late stage. There was no obvious effects of soil amendment on soluble phosphorus loss,but PAM treatment resulted in a highest loss of soluble phosphorus which was 1. 13 times amount of CK. There was a highest ammonium nitrogen loss under CK condition, followed by PAM, CMC and HA. The content of ammonium nitrogen at the depth of 15 cm was the highest under PAM treatment condition,followed by CMC,CK and HA. And HA increased the leaching depth of ammonium nitrogen. In addition,soil available phosphorus was mainly concentrated in the inner 10 cm of surface soil layer. [Conclusions]Soil amendments like PAM,CMC and HA can play a certain role in the reduction of soil erosion and preventing nutrient over slope land on the Loess Plateau,but PAM may have no effect on soluble phosphorus loss. The results of this study may provide a scientific guidance for the rational selection and application of the local soil conditioner.
引文
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[2]王辉,王全九,邵明安.PAM对黄土坡地水分养分迁移特性影响的室内模拟试验[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(6):85.WANG Hui,WANG Quanjiu,SHAO Mingan.Laboratory simulation experiment of impact of polyacrylamide on transportation of soil water and nutrients from the loess sloping land[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2008,24(6):85.
[3]袁希平,雷廷武.水土保持措施及其减水减沙效益分析[J].农业工程学报,2004,20(2):296.YUAN Xiping,LEI Tingwu.Soil and water conservation measures and their benefits in runoff and sediment reductions[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2004,20(2):296.
[4]王全九,赵光旭,刘艳丽,等.植被类型对黄土坡地产流产沙及氮磷流失的影响[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(14):195.WANG Quanjiu,ZHAO Guangxu,LIU Yanli,et al.Effects of vegetation types on yield of surface runoff and sediment,loss of nitrogen and phosphorus along loess slope land[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2016,32(14):195.
[5]WU Y H,HU Z Y,YANG L Z.Integrated technology to control non-point pollution in resident-farmland area of Dianchi Lake watershed,China[J].Ecol Sci,2008,27(5):346.
[6]傅伯杰,邱扬,王军,等.黄土丘陵小流域土地利用变化对水土流失的影响[J].地理学报,2002,57(6):717.FU Bojie,QIU Yang,WANG Jun,et al.Effect simulation of land use change on the runoff and erosion for a gully catchment of the Loess Plateau,China[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2002,57(6):717.
[7]黄容,高明,汪文强,等.不同改良剂对退化黄壤及其下渗水养分的影响[J].土壤学报,2016,53(3):663.HUANG Rong,GAO Ming,WANG Wenqiang,et al.Effects of different soil amendments on degraded yellow soil and nutrients in leachate[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2016,53(3):663.
[8]姬红利,颜蓉,李运东,等.施用土壤改良剂对磷素流失的影响研究[J].土壤,2011,43(2):203.JI Hongli,YAN Rong,LI Yundong,et al.Effects of soil ameliorants on phosphorus loss[J].Soils,2011,43(2):203.
[9]SOUPIR M L,MOSTAGHIMI S,MASTERS A,et al.Effectiveness of polyacrylamide(PAM)in improving water runoff quality from construction sites[J].Jawra Journal of the American Water Resources Association,2004,40(1):53.
[10]廖人宽,杨培岭,任树梅,等.PAM和SAP防治库区坡地肥料污染试验[J].农业机械学报,2013,44(7):113.LIAO Renkuan,YANG Peiling,REN Shumei,et al.PAM and SAP application for reservoir area slope manure pollution control[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2013,44(7):113.
[11]黄震,黄占斌,李文颖,等.不同保水剂对土壤水分和氮素保持的比较研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2010,18(2):245.HUANG Zhen,HUANG Zhanbin,LI Wenying,et al.Effect of different super absorbent polymers on soil moisture and soil nitrogen holding capacity[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2010,18(2):245.
[12]李晶晶,邹超煜,白岗栓.聚丙烯酰胺对坡地苹果园水土流失和土壤养分流失的影响[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(9):2991.LI Jingjing,ZOU Chaoyu,BAI Gangshuan.Effects of polyacrylamide on soil erosion and soil nutrient loss in sloped apple orchards[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,27(9):2991.
[13]陈渠昌,雷廷武,李瑞平.PAM对坡地降雨径流入渗和水力侵蚀的影响研究[J].水利学报,2006,37(11):1290.CHEN Quchang,LEI Tingwu,LI Ruiping.The impacts of PAM on runoff infiltration and water erosion from slope lands[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2006,37(11):1290.
[14]KRAUTH D M,BOLDIN J L,GREEN V S,et al.Evaluation of a polyacrylamide soil additive to reduce agricultural-associated contamination[J].Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2008,81(2):116.
[15]陈振德,何金明,李祥云,等.施用腐殖酸对提高玉米氮肥利用率的研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2007,15(1):52.CHEN Zhende,HE Jinming,LI Xiangyun,et al.Studies on increasing N utilizing efficiency in maize by applying humic acid[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2007,15(1):52.
[16]邢尚军,刘方春,杜振宇,等.腐殖酸肥料对杨树生长及土壤性质的影响[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(4):126.XING Shangjun,LIU Fangchun,DU Zhenyu,et al.Effects of humic acid fertilizer on the poplar growth and soil properties[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2009,23(4):126.
[17]陈静,黄占斌.腐植酸在土壤修复中的作用[J].腐植酸,2014(4):30.CHEN Jing,HUANG Zhanbin.Effect of humic acid on soil restoration[J].Humidc Acid,2014(4):30.
[18]曾晓舵,梁玉清,林兰稳,等.羧甲基纤维素钠对酸性土壤改良及水稻生长效应[J].广东农业科学,2009(11):69.ZENG Xiaoduo,LIANG Yuqing,LIN Lanwen,et al.Effect of sodium carboxymethl cellulose in acidic soil improvement and the growth of rice[J].Guangdong Agricultural Sciences,2009(11):69.
[19]吴军虎,陶汪海,王海洋,等.羧甲基纤维素钠对土壤团粒结构及水分运动特性的影响[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(2):117.WU Junhu,TAO Wanghai,WANG Haiyang,et al.Influence of sodium carboxyl methyl cellulose on soil aggregate structure and soil water movement[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2015,31(2):117.
[20]杨雪芹,王旭东.结构改良剂对塿土团聚体分布的影响[J].江苏农业科学,2011(1):412.YANG Xueqin,WANG Xudong.Effects of soil amendment on distrubution of aggregate in Lontu soil[J].Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2011(1):412.
[21]张长保,王全九,樊军,等.模拟降雨下PAM对砂黄土养分迁移影响实验研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2008,27(1):82.ZHANG Changbao,WANG Quanjiu,FAN Jun,et al.Effects of different quantity of PAM on nutrient transfer under artificial rainfall with sandy loess[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2008,27(1):82.
[22]于健,雷廷武,ISAAC Shainberg,等.PAM特性对砂壤土入渗及土壤侵蚀的影响[J].土壤学报,2011,48(1):21.YU Jian,LEI Tingwu,ISAAC SHAINBERG,et al.Effects of molecular weight and degree of hydrolysis of PAM on infiltration and erosion of sandy soil[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2011,48(1):21.
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