生物炭对不同坡度坡耕地土壤水动力学参数的影响
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摘要
在3种地形坡度条件下,开展了施加生物炭后连续两年的土壤水动力学效应试验研究,探究不同坡度坡耕地施加生物炭当年和次年对土壤水分常数、土壤水分特征曲线、比水容量、非饱和导水率K(h)和非饱和扩散率D(θ)的影响。结果表明:施用生物炭当年和次年均使土壤田间持水率和饱和含水率增大,且随坡度增加其增率变大,生物炭因子两年内对土壤水分常数的影响显著(P <0. 015),而坡度因子影响不显著(P> 0. 05),即生物炭因子作用更明显;施用生物炭两年内,在各个土壤吸力条件下土壤含水率均增大,土壤持水性增强,且同地形坡度呈正相关关系、同年限呈负相关关系;生物炭在两年内均增大土壤比水容量,使其供水能力加强,最大增量1. 830 207×10~(-3)cm~3/cm~4;地形坡度对K(h)无明显影响,但施加生物炭可使K(h)增大,土壤导水性增强,2016、2017年K(h)最高分别增加239. 61%、164. 04%;施加生物炭可降低D(θ),抑制土壤水分的水平运动,随地形坡度增加抑制效果增强。生物炭施用当年对各土壤水动力学参数的影响大于施用次年。研究结果可为东北黑土区坡耕地农业水土保护和利用提供理论依据。
In order to explore the effect of applying biochar on the post-effects of soil hydrodynamic parameters on different slopes,the experimental study on soil hydrodynamic effects was carried out for two consecutive years after the application of biochar under three kinds of terrain slope conditions. The effects of biochar applied to different slopes on soil water constant,soil water characteristic curve,specific water capacity, unsaturated hydraulic conductivity K( h) and unsaturated diffusion rate D( θ) were investigated. The results showed that the application of biochar could increase the soil water holding capacity and saturated water content in the same year and the next year,and the growth rate was increased with the increase of slope. Biochar factors had significant effects on soil water constants within two years( P < 0. 015),while slope factors had no significant effect( P > 0. 05),which meant that biochar factors were more pronounced. Within two years,the soil moisture content was increased under various soil suction conditions,soil water holding capacity was increased,and it was positively correlated with slope of terrain and negatively correlated with age. Biochar increased the soil specific water capacity within two years,and the water supply capacity was strengthened,the maximum water capacity increase was 1. 830 207 × 10~(-3) cm~3/cm~4. The slope of terrain had no obvious effect on K( h),but the application of biochar could increase K( h) and the soil water conductivity was enhanced. In 2016 and 2017,K( h)was increased by a maximum of 239. 61% and 164. 04%,respectively. The application of biochar could reduce D( θ) and inhibit the horizontal movement of soil moisture. As the increase of slope of terrain,the suppression effect was enhanced. The effect of biochar application on the soil hydrodynamic parameters in the first year was greater than that in the next year. The research results can provide a theoretical basis for the protection and utilization of agricultural soil and water in sloping farmland in the black soil region of Northeast China.
In order to explore the effect of applying biochar on the post-effects of soil hydrodynamic parameters on different slopes,the experimental study on soil hydrodynamic effects was carried out for two consecutive years after the application of biochar under three kinds of terrain slope conditions. The effects of biochar applied to different slopes on soil water constant,soil water characteristic curve,specific water capacity, unsaturated hydraulic conductivity K( h) and unsaturated diffusion rate D( θ) were investigated. The results showed that the application of biochar could increase the soil water holding capacity and saturated water content in the same year and the next year,and the growth rate was increased with the increase of slope. Biochar factors had significant effects on soil water constants within two years( P < 0. 015),while slope factors had no significant effect( P > 0. 05),which meant that biochar factors were more pronounced. Within two years,the soil moisture content was increased under various soil suction conditions,soil water holding capacity was increased,and it was positively correlated with slope of terrain and negatively correlated with age. Biochar increased the soil specific water capacity within two years,and the water supply capacity was strengthened,the maximum water capacity increase was 1. 830 207 × 10~(-3) cm~3/cm~4. The slope of terrain had no obvious effect on K( h),but the application of biochar could increase K( h) and the soil water conductivity was enhanced. In 2016 and 2017,K( h)was increased by a maximum of 239. 61% and 164. 04%,respectively. The application of biochar could reduce D( θ) and inhibit the horizontal movement of soil moisture. As the increase of slope of terrain,the suppression effect was enhanced. The effect of biochar application on the soil hydrodynamic parameters in the first year was greater than that in the next year. The research results can provide a theoretical basis for the protection and utilization of agricultural soil and water in sloping farmland in the black soil region of Northeast China.
引文
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[22]何绪生,耿增超,佘雕,等.生物炭生产与农用的意义及国内外动态[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(2):1-7.HE Xushen,GENG Zengchao,SHE Diao,et al. The significance of biochar production and agriculture and its domestic and international dynamics[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2011,27(2):1-7.(in Chinese)
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[24]田丹,屈忠义,李波,等.生物炭对砂土水力特征参数及持水特性影响试验研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2013,32(3):135-137.TIAN Dan,QU Zhongyi,LI Bo,et al. Experimental study on the influence of biochar on hydraulic characteristic parameters and water holding characteristics of sandy soil[J]. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2013,32(3):135-137.(in Chinese)
[25]魏永霞,刘志凯,冯鼎锐,等.生物炭对草甸黑土物理性质及雨后水分动态变化的影响[J/OL].农业机械学报,2016,47(8):201-207.WEI Yongxia,LIU Zhikai,FENG Dingrui,et al. Influences of the biochar on physical properties of the meadow black soil and dynamic changes of soil water after the individual rainfall[J/OL]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(8):201-207. http:∥www. j-csam. org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract. aspx? flag=1&file_no=20160825&journal_id=jcsam. DOI:10. 6041/j. issn. 1000-1298. 2016. 08. 025.(in Chinese)
[26]王丹丹,郑纪勇,颜永毫,等.生物炭对宁南山区土壤持水性能影响的定位研究[J].水土保持学报,2013,27(2):101-104,109.WANG Dandan,ZHENG Jiyong,YAN Yonghao,et al. Study on the influence of biochar on soil water-holding performance in Southern Ningxia[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,27(2):101-104,109.(in Chinese)
[27]张强,孙向阳,黄利江,等.毛乌素沙地土壤水分特征曲线和入渗性能的研究[J].林业科学研究,2004(增刊1):9-14.ZHANG Qiang,SUN Xiangyang,HUANG Lijiang,et al. Study on soil water characteristic curve and infiltration performance of Maowusu sandy land[J]. Forestry Science Research,2004(Supp. 1):9-14.(in Chinese)
[28]王睿垠,魏永霞,刘慧,等.生物炭对东北草甸黑土水分运动参数的影响[J/OL].农业机械学报,2018,49(7):186-194.WANG Ruiyin,WEI Yongxia,LIU Hui,et al. Influences of biochar on hydrodynamic parameters of meadow black soil[J/OL]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2018 49(7):186-194. http:∥www. j-csam. org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract. aspx? flag=1&file_no=20180723&journal_id=jcsam. DOI:10. 6041/j. issn. 1000-1298.2018. 07. 023.(in Chinese)
[29] LIU Z,DUGAN B,MASIELLO C A,et al. Biochar particle size,shape,and porosity act together to influence soil water properties[J]. Plos One,2017,12(6):e0179079.
[30]潘英华,雷廷武,张晴雯,等.土壤结构改良剂对土壤水动力学参数的影响[J].农业工程学报,2003,19(增刊4):37-39.PAN Yinghua,LEI Tingwu,ZHANG Qingwen,et al. Effects of soil structural improvers on soil hydrodynamic parameters[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2003,19(Supp. 4):37-39.(in Chinese)
[2] OGUNTUNDE P G,ABIODUN B J,AJAYI A E. Effects of charcoal production on soil physical properties in Ghana[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,2008,171(4):591-596.
[3] ASAI H,SAMSON B K,STEPHAN H M,et al. Biochar amendment techniques for upland rice production in northern Laos[J]. Field Crops Research,2009,111(1):81-84.
[4] PICCOLO A,MBAGWU J S C. Effects of different organic waste amendments on soil microaggregates stability and molecular sizes of humic substances[J]. Plant and Soil,1990,123(1):27-37.
[5] AMYMARIE A D,GSCHWEND P M. Assessing the combined roles of natural organic matter and black carbon as sorbents in sediments in sediments[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2002,36(1):21-29.
[6] GIASER B,BALASHOV E,HAUMAIER L,et al. Black carbon in density fractions of anthropogenic soils of the Brazilian Amazon region[J]. Organic Geochemistry,2000,31(7):669-678.
[7] OGAWA M,OKIMORI Y,TAKAHASHI F. Carbon sequestration by carbonization of biomass and forestation:three case studies[J]. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change,2006,11(2):429-444.
[8] YU X Y,YING G G,KOOKANA R S. Sorption and desorption behaviors of diuron in soils amended with charcoal[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2006,54(22):8545-8550.
[9]田丹,屈忠义,勾芒芒,等.生物炭对不同质地土壤水分扩散率的影响及机理分析[J].土壤通报,2013,44(6):1374-1378.TIAN Dan,QU Zhongyi,GOU Mangmang,et al. Influence and mechanism analysis of biochar on water diffusivity of different soil textures[J]. Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2013,44(6):1374-1378.(in Chinese)
[10]刘志凯.生物炭不同用量与施用年限对土壤水分运动及溶质运移的影响[D].哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2017.LIU Zhikai. Effects of different dosage and age of biochar on soil water movement and solute transport[D]. Harbin:Northeast Agricultural University,2017.(in Chinese)
[11]刘世杰,窦森.黑碳对玉米生长和土壤养分吸收与淋失的影响[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(1):79-82.LIU Shijie,DOU Sen. Effects of black carbon on maize growth and soil nutrient uptake and leaching loss[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2009,23(1):79-82.(in Chinese)
[12]魏永霞,张翼鹏,张雨凤,等.黑土坡耕地连续施加生物炭的土壤改良和节水增产效应[J/OL].农业机械学报,2018,49(2):284-291,312.WEI Yongxia,ZHANG Yipeng,ZHANG Yufeng,et al. Influences of two consecutive years supply of biochar on soil improvement,water saving and yield increasing in sloping farmland of black soil region[J/OL]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2018,49(2):284-291,312. http:∥www. j-csam. org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx? flag=1&file_no=20180236&journal_id=jcsam. DOI:10. 6041/j. issn. 1000-1298. 2018. 02. 036.(in Chinese)
[13]赵会明.东北黑土区水土流失现状、成因及防治措施[J].水利科技与经济,2008(6):477-478.ZHAO Huiming. Current situation,causes and prevention measures of soil and water loss in black soil area of northeast China[J]. Water Conservancy Technology and Economy,2008(6):477-478.(in Chinese)
[14]魏永霞,张忠学,赵雨森.坡耕地水土保持理论与技术研究[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2010:1-6.
[15]仵峰,张凯,宰松梅,等.小麦玉米秸秆掺土还田量对土壤水分运动特性的影响[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(24):101-105.WU Feng,ZHANG Kai,ZAI Songmei,et al. Effect of soil return on soil water movement characteristics of wheat-corn stalk[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2015,31(24):101-105.(in Chinese)
[16]魏永霞,冯鼎锐,刘志凯,等.生物炭对黑土区坡耕地水土保持及大豆增产效应研究[J].节水灌溉,2017(5):37-41.WEI Yongxia,FENG Dingrui,LIU Zhikai,et al. Effects of biochar on soil and water conservation and soybean yield in sloping farmland of black soil area[J]. Water Saving Irrigation,2017(5):37-41.(in Chinese)
[17]李光录,赵晓光.水土流失对土壤物理性质的影响[J].西北林学院学报,1995(8):22-27.LI Guanglu,ZHAO Xiaoguang. Effects of soil erosion on physical properties of soils[J]. Journal of Northwestern Forestry College,1995(8):22-27.(in Chinese)
[18]王艳阳.黑土区施用生物炭条件下的土壤水分运动与溶质运移模拟[D].哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2016.WANG Yanyang. Simulation of soil water movement and solute transport under the condition of applying biochar in black soil area[D]. Harbin:Northeast Agricultural University,2016.(in Chinese)
[19]刘丽芳,许新宜,王会肖,等.土壤水资源评价研究进展[J].北京师范大学学报(自然科学版),2009,45(5):621-625.LIU Lifang,XU Xinyi,WANG Huixiao,et al. Progress in evaluation of soil water resources[J]. Journal of Beijing Normal University(Natural Science Edition),2009,45(5):621-625.(in Chinese)
[20]雷志栋,杨诗秀,谢森传.土壤水动力学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1988:4-22,168-170.
[21]易军,尚三林,杨正礼,等.宁夏黄灌区灌淤土水力参数研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2011,30(2):46-50.YI Jun,SHANG Sanlin,YANG Zhengli,et al. Study on hydraulic parameters of irrigation and silting soil in yellow irrigation area of Ningxia[J]. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2011,30(2):46-50.(in Chinese)
[22]何绪生,耿增超,佘雕,等.生物炭生产与农用的意义及国内外动态[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(2):1-7.HE Xushen,GENG Zengchao,SHE Diao,et al. The significance of biochar production and agriculture and its domestic and international dynamics[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2011,27(2):1-7.(in Chinese)
[23] HARDIE M,CLOTHIER B,BOUND S,et al. Does biochar influence soil physical properties and soil water availability?[J].Plant and Soil,2014,376(1-2):347-361.
[24]田丹,屈忠义,李波,等.生物炭对砂土水力特征参数及持水特性影响试验研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2013,32(3):135-137.TIAN Dan,QU Zhongyi,LI Bo,et al. Experimental study on the influence of biochar on hydraulic characteristic parameters and water holding characteristics of sandy soil[J]. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2013,32(3):135-137.(in Chinese)
[25]魏永霞,刘志凯,冯鼎锐,等.生物炭对草甸黑土物理性质及雨后水分动态变化的影响[J/OL].农业机械学报,2016,47(8):201-207.WEI Yongxia,LIU Zhikai,FENG Dingrui,et al. Influences of the biochar on physical properties of the meadow black soil and dynamic changes of soil water after the individual rainfall[J/OL]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(8):201-207. http:∥www. j-csam. org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract. aspx? flag=1&file_no=20160825&journal_id=jcsam. DOI:10. 6041/j. issn. 1000-1298. 2016. 08. 025.(in Chinese)
[26]王丹丹,郑纪勇,颜永毫,等.生物炭对宁南山区土壤持水性能影响的定位研究[J].水土保持学报,2013,27(2):101-104,109.WANG Dandan,ZHENG Jiyong,YAN Yonghao,et al. Study on the influence of biochar on soil water-holding performance in Southern Ningxia[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,27(2):101-104,109.(in Chinese)
[27]张强,孙向阳,黄利江,等.毛乌素沙地土壤水分特征曲线和入渗性能的研究[J].林业科学研究,2004(增刊1):9-14.ZHANG Qiang,SUN Xiangyang,HUANG Lijiang,et al. Study on soil water characteristic curve and infiltration performance of Maowusu sandy land[J]. Forestry Science Research,2004(Supp. 1):9-14.(in Chinese)
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