多元动因与网络聚合:当前中国网络民粹主义的生成机制
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摘要
当前中国网络民粹主义是社会转型、政治变革、心理嬗变、文化发展等多种宏观因素嵌入微观的网络空间并持续发酵所致。剧烈的社会转型带来了阶层分化、利益调整和分配不公等现实问题,大众对于平等的朴素诉求在网络空间以民意的方式迅速聚合和集中表达,构成网络民粹主义的民意聚合机制;民主的理想与现实、民众高涨的参与热情与制度性吸纳相对不足,人民话语的"所指"与"能指"之间的裂缝,构成了网络民粹主义的激进民主参与机制;线下大众心理的网络投射、网络大众心理的生成和极化网络舆论的集中表达等环节,构成网络民粹主义的舆情极化机制;商业利益推动下的网络文化媚俗逐利趋向,大众娱乐狂欢隐藏着对精英文化的抵制和解构,二者共同构成网络民粹文化的生成机制。
At present, China's network populism is the result of social transformation, political change,psychological evolution, cultural development and other macro-factors embedded in the micro-cyberspace.The drastic social transformation has brought about such realistic problems as stratum differentiation, interest adjustment and unfair distribution. The simple appeal of the public for equality is rapidly aggregated and expressed in the way of public opinion in cyberspace, which constitutes the public opinion aggregation mechanism of network populism. The ideal and reality of democracy, the high enthusiasm for participation and the insufficient institutional absorption of the people, and the gap between the "signified" and "signifier" of the people's discourse constitutes the radical democratic participation mechanism of network populism. The network projection of off-line public psychology, the generation of online public psychology and the concentrated expression of polarized network public opinion constitute the public opinion polarization mechanism of network populism. The tendency of cyber culture to be vulgar and profit-seeking under the impetus of commercial interests, and the mass entertainment carnival conceals the resistance and deconstruction of the elite culture, which together constitute the generating mechanism of the cyber populist culture.
At present, China's network populism is the result of social transformation, political change,psychological evolution, cultural development and other macro-factors embedded in the micro-cyberspace.The drastic social transformation has brought about such realistic problems as stratum differentiation, interest adjustment and unfair distribution. The simple appeal of the public for equality is rapidly aggregated and expressed in the way of public opinion in cyberspace, which constitutes the public opinion aggregation mechanism of network populism. The ideal and reality of democracy, the high enthusiasm for participation and the insufficient institutional absorption of the people, and the gap between the "signified" and "signifier" of the people's discourse constitutes the radical democratic participation mechanism of network populism. The network projection of off-line public psychology, the generation of online public psychology and the concentrated expression of polarized network public opinion constitute the public opinion polarization mechanism of network populism. The tendency of cyber culture to be vulgar and profit-seeking under the impetus of commercial interests, and the mass entertainment carnival conceals the resistance and deconstruction of the elite culture, which together constitute the generating mechanism of the cyber populist culture.
引文
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[29][美]尼尔·波兹曼.娱乐至死[M].章艳译.桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2004:114.
[30]罗钢,刘象愚.文化研究读本[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2000:33.
[31][英]吉姆·麦克盖根.文化民粹主义[M].桂万先译.南京:南京大学出版社,2001:4.
[32]曹洵.政治表达与话语建构:网络模仿体的话语功能及意义研究[J].新闻界,2013,(23):2-4.
[33][英]斯图亚特·霍尔.编码,解码[M].//罗钢,刘象愚编.文化研究读本.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2000:356-358.
[34]转引自[澳]约翰·多克尔.后现代与大众文化[M].王敬慧,王瑶译.北京:北京大学出版社,2011:218.
[35][美]约翰·费斯克.理解大众文化[M].北京:中央编译出版社,2006,(53):99.
[2]马克思恩格斯选集(第3卷)[M].北京:人民出版社,1995:434.
[3][美]塞缪尔·亨廷顿.变化社会中的政治秩序[M].王冠华,刘为等译.上海:上海世纪出版集团,2008:39.
[4]孙立平.中国社会结构的变迁及其分析模式的转换[J].南京社会科学,2009,(5):94.
[5][6][9]李培林,朱迪.努力形成撖榄型分配格局---基于2006-2013年中囯社会状况调查数据的分析[J].中国社会科学,2015,(1):55,58,58.
[7]Ernesto Laclau.On populist reason.New York,NY:Verso.2005,p224.
[8]李培林.社会冲突与阶级意识当代中国社会矛盾研究[J].社会,2005,(1):20.
[10]李阳.网络身份认同抗拒性的建构与消解---以“屌丝”为例[EB/OL].人民网,http://media.people.com.cn/n/2015/0313/c150619-26688177.html.
[11][美]克莱·舍基.人人时代:无组织的组织力量[M].胡泳,沈满琳译.杭州:浙江人民出版社,2015:2.
[12]祝华新等.2011年中国互联网舆情分析报告[EB/OL].人民网,http://yuqing.people.com.cn/GB/16698341.html.
[13]Margaret Canovan.Trust the People!Populism and the Two Faces of Democracy,Political Studies(1999),XLVII,p7
[14]Margaret Canovan.Trust the People!Populism and the Two Faces of Democracy,Political Studies(1999),XLVII,p9.
[15]Margaret Canovan.Trust the People!Populism and the Two Faces of Democracy,Political Studies(1999),XLVII,p8.
[16][17]周凡.国外民粹主义研究前沿[M].//俞吾金主编.国外马克思主义研究报告(2008).北京:人民出版社,2008:228.
[18][美]塞缪尔·亨廷顿.变化社会中的政治秩序[M].王冠华,刘为等译.上海:上海世纪出版集团,2009:42.
[19][英]戴维·米勒、韦农·波格丹诺.布莱克维尔政治学百科全书[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2002:635.
[20]解庆锋.心理场对舆论场的影响研究[J].当代传播,2016,(1):54.
[21]刘能.怨恨解释、动员结构和理性选择---有关中国都市地区集体行动发生可能性的分析[J].开放时代,2004,(2):56-70.
[22][23][德]弗里德里希·威廉·尼采.论道德的谱系[M].周红译.北京:三联出版社,1992:21.
[24][德]伊丽莎白·诺尔-诺依曼.沉默的螺旋:舆论-我们的社会皮肤[M].董璐译.北京:北京大学出版社,2013:64.
[25]高平.文化民粹主义批判[J].探索与争鸣,2009,(5):68.
[26]李明.消费·文化·政治---波德里亚消费社会大众文化观论析[J].当代世界与社会主义,2008,(3):152.
[27]李希光.媒体应摈弃“尖叫原理”[J].青年记者,2010,(28):35.
[28]许纪霖.从特殊走向普遍---专业化时代的公共知识分子如何可能?[M].//许纪霖.公共性与公共知识分子.南京:江苏人民出版社,2003:28.
[29][美]尼尔·波兹曼.娱乐至死[M].章艳译.桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2004:114.
[30]罗钢,刘象愚.文化研究读本[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2000:33.
[31][英]吉姆·麦克盖根.文化民粹主义[M].桂万先译.南京:南京大学出版社,2001:4.
[32]曹洵.政治表达与话语建构:网络模仿体的话语功能及意义研究[J].新闻界,2013,(23):2-4.
[33][英]斯图亚特·霍尔.编码,解码[M].//罗钢,刘象愚编.文化研究读本.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2000:356-358.
[34]转引自[澳]约翰·多克尔.后现代与大众文化[M].王敬慧,王瑶译.北京:北京大学出版社,2011:218.
[35][美]约翰·费斯克.理解大众文化[M].北京:中央编译出版社,2006,(53):99.