中国生态文明转型与社会企业传承
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摘要
中国生态文明新时代要求对山、水、田、林、湖、草等空间资源做全域系统化开发。这就需要改变工业文明时代把经济资源脱嵌于自然与社会、仅作为生产力要素来推进资本化的制度体系。由此也要求把追求"利润最大化"作为唯一目标的私利性企业改革为"资源节约环境友好"、以"可持续发展"为目标的社会企业。国内研究主流大致沿袭西方在21世纪遭遇连续危机之后提出的"企业社会责任"到"社会企业"和"社会企业家"的演变脉络,忽视了中国在19世纪末期就已形成的以"实业报国"为目标的社会企业的历史经验。本文论及的代表人物,一是坚持"村落主义"、搞"在地化"综合发展的社会实业家张謇及其创新的"大生集团",二是长期坚持生态化和社会化,并且大力支持乡村建设事业的卢作孚及其创办的"民生集团"。他们都因各自坚持20年以上的经验而可以作为中国社会企业历史传承的研究样本。
The new era of China's Ecological Civilization requires the systematic development of spatial resources such as mountains,water,fields,forests,lakes and grass. It is necessary to change the system in which economic resources are separated from nature and society and capitalized only as productive forces in the era of Industrial Civilization. Therefore,it is required to change the private enterprises that pursue "profit maximization" as the only goal into social enterprises that are "resource-saving and environment-friendly" and take "sustainable development" as the goal. The domestic research mainstream generally follows the evolution of "corporate social responsibility" to "social enterprise" and "social entrepreneur" put forward by the west after the continuous crisis in the 21st century,and ignores the historical experience of China's social enterprises with the goal of"serving the country by industry" formed at the end of the 19th century. This paper mentioned some representative figures. First,Zhang Jian who adhere to the"village-ism",is a comprehensive development of local social industrialist and innovation of"Dasheng"group company. Second,Lu Zuofu was long-term adherence to the ecological and social,and support rural reconstruction and founded the"Minsheng"group company. They are all for their respective insist on more than 20 years experience can be used as a heritage of Chinese history of social enterprise research samples.
The new era of China's Ecological Civilization requires the systematic development of spatial resources such as mountains,water,fields,forests,lakes and grass. It is necessary to change the system in which economic resources are separated from nature and society and capitalized only as productive forces in the era of Industrial Civilization. Therefore,it is required to change the private enterprises that pursue "profit maximization" as the only goal into social enterprises that are "resource-saving and environment-friendly" and take "sustainable development" as the goal. The domestic research mainstream generally follows the evolution of "corporate social responsibility" to "social enterprise" and "social entrepreneur" put forward by the west after the continuous crisis in the 21st century,and ignores the historical experience of China's social enterprises with the goal of"serving the country by industry" formed at the end of the 19th century. This paper mentioned some representative figures. First,Zhang Jian who adhere to the"village-ism",is a comprehensive development of local social industrialist and innovation of"Dasheng"group company. Second,Lu Zuofu was long-term adherence to the ecological and social,and support rural reconstruction and founded the"Minsheng"group company. They are all for their respective insist on more than 20 years experience can be used as a heritage of Chinese history of social enterprise research samples.
引文
(1)1995年9月,国际合作社联盟在英国曼彻斯特市举行了成立一百周年的第31届代表大会,修改和重新确立了合作社的基本原则,以适应发展变化的形势并用以指导21世纪的合作运动。新的合作社原则为:(1)自愿与开放的社员资格,(2)民主控制,(3)社员的经济参与,(4)自治和独立,(5)教育、培训和信息,(6)合作社之间的合作,(7)关心社区发展。
(1)《管子·轻重戊》。
(2)杨谦.2019:合作社的社会企业变局.2019年1月12日,http:∥blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_5667c3fa0102zabg.html。
(1)李扬.经济蓝皮书夏季号:中国经济增长报告(2015-2016).北京:社会科学文献出版社,2016年。
(2)李培林,陈光金,张翼.社会蓝皮书:2017年中国社会形势分析与预测.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2016年。
(1)《管子·轻重戊》。
(2)杨谦.2019:合作社的社会企业变局.2019年1月12日,http:∥blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_5667c3fa0102zabg.html。
(1)李扬.经济蓝皮书夏季号:中国经济增长报告(2015-2016).北京:社会科学文献出版社,2016年。
(2)李培林,陈光金,张翼.社会蓝皮书:2017年中国社会形势分析与预测.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2016年。