池塘工程化循环水养殖模式下养殖密度对吉富罗非鱼生长及生理指标的影响
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摘要
为了研究池塘工程化循环水养殖模式下养殖密度对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼(初始体质量6.25g)生长、血液学和血清生化指标及抗氧化力的影响。设计了3个处理组,初始养殖密度分别为45、90、136尾/m~3,每个密度组设2个重复。80d的养殖结果显示:养殖的前20d养殖密度对试验鱼末体重、增重率和特定生长率无显著影响(P>0.05);在第50天时,高密度养殖组试验鱼生长性能显著低于低、中密度组,在第80天时,中、高密度组生长显著低于低密度组(P<0.05);不同养殖密度组试验鱼血清皮质醇、溶菌酶和超氧化物歧化酶含量、肝脏过氧氢酶(CAT)、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。在养殖末期,高养殖密度组试验鱼血糖(Glu)含量显著升高(P<0.05)。总之,在试验条件下,养殖后期高养殖密度导致吉富罗非鱼生长下降,其可能对拥挤胁迫具有适应能力而不会改变抗氧化能力、某些血清生化和免疫参数,建议池塘工程化循环水养殖模式下吉富罗非鱼(初始体质量6.25g)养殖密度为90尾/m~3。
An 80-day feeding trial is conducted to assess the effects of stocking densities on growth,serum biochemical parameters and antioxidant status of juvenile genetically improve farmed tilapia(GIFT,Oreochromi sniloticus)reared in in-pond raceway recirculating culture system(IPRS).Fish(initial body weight:6.25 g)is randomly allotted to six in-pond raceways stocked at three different stocking densities:low stocking density(LSD,45 ind./m~3),middle stocking density(MSD,90 ind./m~3)and high stocking density(HSD,136 ind./m~3).The results indicate that no significant differences are observed in final body weight,weight gain and specific growth rate of GIFT reared at different stocking densities on 20 th day(P>0.05).Fish reared at HSD group showed poor growth than those reared at LSD and MSD groups on 50 th day,however,fish reared at MSD and HSD groups shows poor growth than those reared at LSD group on 80 th day.No significant differences are found in serum cortisol,lysozyme and SOD content,hepatic CAT,T-SOD,T-AOC activities and MDA content among fish reared at different densities treatments(P>0.05).Fish reared at HSD group exhibited significant higher Glu contents on 80 th day(P<0.05).In brief,under thetrial conditions,high stocking densities result in the decrease in growth,and GIFT might have an adaptation capability to crowding stress without a change in antioxidant activity,some physiological and immune parameters,the present results indicate that GIFT can be reared at 90 fish/m~3 in IPRS.
An 80-day feeding trial is conducted to assess the effects of stocking densities on growth,serum biochemical parameters and antioxidant status of juvenile genetically improve farmed tilapia(GIFT,Oreochromi sniloticus)reared in in-pond raceway recirculating culture system(IPRS).Fish(initial body weight:6.25 g)is randomly allotted to six in-pond raceways stocked at three different stocking densities:low stocking density(LSD,45 ind./m~3),middle stocking density(MSD,90 ind./m~3)and high stocking density(HSD,136 ind./m~3).The results indicate that no significant differences are observed in final body weight,weight gain and specific growth rate of GIFT reared at different stocking densities on 20 th day(P>0.05).Fish reared at HSD group showed poor growth than those reared at LSD and MSD groups on 50 th day,however,fish reared at MSD and HSD groups shows poor growth than those reared at LSD group on 80 th day.No significant differences are found in serum cortisol,lysozyme and SOD content,hepatic CAT,T-SOD,T-AOC activities and MDA content among fish reared at different densities treatments(P>0.05).Fish reared at HSD group exhibited significant higher Glu contents on 80 th day(P<0.05).In brief,under thetrial conditions,high stocking densities result in the decrease in growth,and GIFT might have an adaptation capability to crowding stress without a change in antioxidant activity,some physiological and immune parameters,the present results indicate that GIFT can be reared at 90 fish/m~3 in IPRS.
引文
[1]农业农村部渔业渔政管理局,全国水产技术推广总站,中国水产学会.中国渔业统计年鉴[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2018:36,49.
[2]宋超,孟顺龙,范立民,等.中国淡水池塘养殖面临的环境问题及对策[J].中国农学通报,2012,28(26):89～92.
[3]范立民,徐跑,吴伟,等.淡水养殖池塘微生态环境调控研究综述[J].生态学杂志,2013,32(11):3094～3100.
[4]唐金玉.鱼蚌综合养殖池塘养殖模式优化的研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2016.
[5]Wendelaar-Bonga S E.The stress response in fish [J].Physiological Reviews,1997,77:591～625.
[6]Costas B,Aragao C,Dias J,et al.Interactive effects of a high-quality protein diet and high stocking density on the stress response and some innate immune parameters of Senegalese sole Solea senegalensis [J].Fish Physiology and Biochemistry,2013,39:1141～1151.
[7]Telli G S,Ranzani-Paiva M J T,Dias D C,et al.Dietary administration of Bacillus subtilis on hematology and non-specific immunity of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus raised at different stocking densities [J].Fish and Shellfish Immunology,2014,39:305～311.
[8]Ribeiro F F,Forsythe S,Qin J G.Dynamics of intracohort cannibalism and size heterogeneity in juvenile barramundi (Lates calcarifer) at different stocking densities and feeding frequencies [J].Aquaculture,2015,444:55～61.
[9]Qiang J,He J,Yang H,et al.The changes in cortisol and expression of immune genes of GIFT tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.) at different rearing densities under Streptococcus iniae infection [J].Aquaculture International,2016,24:1365～1378.
[10]Wang Y Y,Che J F,Tang B B,et al.Dietary methionine requirement of juvenile Pseudobagrus ussuriensis[J].Aquaculture nutrition,2016,22(6),1293～1300.
[11]Montero D,Izquierdo M S,Tort L,et al.High stocking density produces crowding stress altering some physiological and biochemical parameters in gilthead seabream,Sparus aurata,juveniles [J].Fish Physiology and Biochemistry,1999,20:53～60.
[12]Rafatnezhad S,Falahatkar B,Gilani M H T.Effects of stocking density on haematological parameters,growth and fin erosion of great sturgeon (Huso huso) juveniles [J].Aquaculture Research,2008,39:1506～1513.
[13]Guo H Y,Dong X Y,Zhang X M,et al.Survival,growth and physiological responses of juvenile Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus,Temminck & Schlegel,1846) exposed to different dissolved oxygen concentrations and stocking densities [J].Journal of Applied Ichthyology,2017,33:731～739.
[14]张曦文,吴垠,贺茹靖,等.循环水养殖模式下养殖密度对青石斑鱼生长及生理指标的影响[J].大连海洋大学学报,2012,27(6):518～522.
[15]宋志飞,温海深,李吉方,等.养殖密度对流水养殖系统中俄罗斯鲟幼鱼生长的影响[J].水产学报,2014,38(6):835～842.
[16]Papoutsoglou S E,Papaparaskeva-Papoutsoglou E,Alexis M.Effect of density on growth rate and production of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Rich.) over a full rearing period [J].Aquaculture,1987,66:9～17.
[17]Liu B L,Jia R,Han C,et al.Effects of stocking density on antioxidant status,metabolism and immune response in juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) [J].Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C,2016,190:1～8.
[18]程佳佳,李吉方,温海深,等.养殖密度对杂交鲟幼鱼生长、肌肉组分和血液生理生化指标的影响[J].中国水产科学,2015 ,22(3):433～441.
[19]North B P,Turnbull J F,Ellis T,et al.The impact of stocking density on the welfare of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) [J].Aquaculture 2006,255:466～479.
[20]Person-Le Ruyet J,Labbé L,Le Bayon N,et al.Combined effects of water quality and stocking density on welfare and growth of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) [J].Aquatic Living Resources,2008,21:185～195.
[21]Poston H A,Williams R C.Interrelations of oxygen concentration,fish density,and performance of Atlantic salmon in an ozonated water reuse system [J].The Progressive Fish-Culturist,1988,50 :69～76.
[22]曹阳,李二超,陈立侨,等.养殖密度对俄罗斯鲟幼鱼的生长、生理和免疫指标的影响[J].水生生物学报,2014,38(5):968～974.
[23]Ellis T,North B,Scott A P,et al.Therelationships between stocking density and welfare in farmed rainbow trout [J].Journal of Fish Biology,2002,61:493～531.
[24]Naderi M,Keyvanshokooh S,Salati A P,et al.Combined or individual effects of dietary vitamin E and selenium nanoparticles on humoral immune status and serum parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) under high stocking density [J].Aquaculture,2017,474:40～47.
[25]Di Marco P,Priori A,Finoia M G,et al.Physiological responses of European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax to different stocking densities and acute stress challenge [J].Aquaculture,2008,275:319～328.
[26]Lupatsch I,Santos G A,Schrama J W,et al.Effect of stocking density and feeding level on energy expenditure and stress responsiveness in European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax [J].Aquaculture,2010,298:245～250.
[27]Andrade T,Afonso A,Pérez-Jiménez A,et al.Evaluation of different stocking densities in a Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) farm:Implications for growth,humoral immune parameters and oxidative status [J].Aquaculture,2015,438:6～11.
[28]Jorgensen E H,Christiansen J S,Jobling M.Effects of stocking density on food intake,growth performance and oxygen consumption in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) [J].Aquaculture,1993,110:191～204.
[29]Papoutsoglou S E,Tziha G,Vrettos X,et al.Effects of stocking density on behavior and growth rate of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles reared in a closed circulated system [J].Aquacultural Engineering,1998,18:135～144.
[30]Millán-Cubillo A F,Martos-Sitcha J A,Ruiz-Jarabo I,et al.Low stocking density negatively affects growth,metabolism and stress pathways in juvenile specimens of meagre (Argyrosomus regius,Asso 1801) [J].Aquaculture,2016,451:87～92.
[31]Grant D V M,K R.Fish hematology and associated disorders [J].Veterinary Clinics of North America:Exotic Animal Practice,2015,18:83～103.
[32]Barcellos L J,Kreutz L C,de Souza C,et al.Hematological changes in jundiá (Rhamdia quelen Quoy and Gaimard Pimelodidae) after acute and chronic stress caused by usual aquacultural management,with emphasis on immunosuppressive effects [J].Aquaculture,2004,237:229～236.
[33]Yarahmadi P,Miandare H K,Fayaz S,et al.Increased stocking density causes changes in expression of selected stress-and immune-related genes,humoral innate immune parameters and stress responses of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) [J].Fish and Shellfish Immunology,2016,48:43～53.
[34]Vijayan M M,Leatherland J F.High stocking density affects cortisol secretion and tissue distribution in brook charr,Salvelinus fontinalis [J].Journal of Endocrinology,1990,124:311～318.
[35]Mommsen T P,Vijayan M M,Moon T W.Cortisol in teleosts:dynamics,mechanisms of action,and metabolic regulation [J].Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries,1999,9:211～268.
[36]Procarione L S,Barry T P,Malison J A.Effects of high rearing densities and loading rates on the growth and stress responses of juvenile rainbow trout [J].North American Journal of Aquaculture,1999,61:91～96.
[37]Ramsay J M,Feist G W,Varga Z M,et al.Whole-body cortisol is an indicator of crowding stress in adult zebrafish,Danio rerio [J].Aquaculture,2006,258:565～574.
[38]Dong J,Zhao Y Y,Yu Y H,et al.Effect of stocking density on growth performance,digestive enzyme activities,and nonspecific immune parameters of Palaemonetes sinensis [J].Fish and Shellfish Immunology,2018,73:37～41.
[39]Ortuňo J,Esteban M A,Meseguer J.Effects of shorteterm crowding stress on the gilthead seabream innate immune response [J].Fish and Shellfish Immunology,2001,11:187～197.
[40]Ming J,Xie J,Xu P,et al.Effects of emodin and vitamin C on growth performance,biochemical parameters and two HSP70s mRNA expression of Wuchang bream (Megalobrama amblycephala Yih) under high temperature stress [J].Fish and Shellfish Immunology,2012,32 :651～661.
[41]Martínez-Porchas M,Martínez-Córdova L R,Ramos-Enriquez R.Cortisol and glucose:reliable indicators of fish stress?[J].Pan-American Journal of Aquatic Sciences,2009,4:158～178.
[42]Ni M,Wen H S,Li J F,et al.The physiological performance and immune responses of juvenile Amur sturgeon (Acipenser schrenckii) to stocking density and hypoxia stress [J].Fish and Shellfish Immunology,2014,36:325～335.
[43]Sevcikova M,Modra H,Slaninova A,et al.Metals as a cause of oxidative stress in fish:a review [J].Veterinární Medicína,2011,56:537～546.
[2]宋超,孟顺龙,范立民,等.中国淡水池塘养殖面临的环境问题及对策[J].中国农学通报,2012,28(26):89～92.
[3]范立民,徐跑,吴伟,等.淡水养殖池塘微生态环境调控研究综述[J].生态学杂志,2013,32(11):3094～3100.
[4]唐金玉.鱼蚌综合养殖池塘养殖模式优化的研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2016.
[5]Wendelaar-Bonga S E.The stress response in fish [J].Physiological Reviews,1997,77:591～625.
[6]Costas B,Aragao C,Dias J,et al.Interactive effects of a high-quality protein diet and high stocking density on the stress response and some innate immune parameters of Senegalese sole Solea senegalensis [J].Fish Physiology and Biochemistry,2013,39:1141～1151.
[7]Telli G S,Ranzani-Paiva M J T,Dias D C,et al.Dietary administration of Bacillus subtilis on hematology and non-specific immunity of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus raised at different stocking densities [J].Fish and Shellfish Immunology,2014,39:305～311.
[8]Ribeiro F F,Forsythe S,Qin J G.Dynamics of intracohort cannibalism and size heterogeneity in juvenile barramundi (Lates calcarifer) at different stocking densities and feeding frequencies [J].Aquaculture,2015,444:55～61.
[9]Qiang J,He J,Yang H,et al.The changes in cortisol and expression of immune genes of GIFT tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.) at different rearing densities under Streptococcus iniae infection [J].Aquaculture International,2016,24:1365～1378.
[10]Wang Y Y,Che J F,Tang B B,et al.Dietary methionine requirement of juvenile Pseudobagrus ussuriensis[J].Aquaculture nutrition,2016,22(6),1293～1300.
[11]Montero D,Izquierdo M S,Tort L,et al.High stocking density produces crowding stress altering some physiological and biochemical parameters in gilthead seabream,Sparus aurata,juveniles [J].Fish Physiology and Biochemistry,1999,20:53～60.
[12]Rafatnezhad S,Falahatkar B,Gilani M H T.Effects of stocking density on haematological parameters,growth and fin erosion of great sturgeon (Huso huso) juveniles [J].Aquaculture Research,2008,39:1506～1513.
[13]Guo H Y,Dong X Y,Zhang X M,et al.Survival,growth and physiological responses of juvenile Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus,Temminck & Schlegel,1846) exposed to different dissolved oxygen concentrations and stocking densities [J].Journal of Applied Ichthyology,2017,33:731～739.
[14]张曦文,吴垠,贺茹靖,等.循环水养殖模式下养殖密度对青石斑鱼生长及生理指标的影响[J].大连海洋大学学报,2012,27(6):518～522.
[15]宋志飞,温海深,李吉方,等.养殖密度对流水养殖系统中俄罗斯鲟幼鱼生长的影响[J].水产学报,2014,38(6):835～842.
[16]Papoutsoglou S E,Papaparaskeva-Papoutsoglou E,Alexis M.Effect of density on growth rate and production of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Rich.) over a full rearing period [J].Aquaculture,1987,66:9～17.
[17]Liu B L,Jia R,Han C,et al.Effects of stocking density on antioxidant status,metabolism and immune response in juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) [J].Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C,2016,190:1～8.
[18]程佳佳,李吉方,温海深,等.养殖密度对杂交鲟幼鱼生长、肌肉组分和血液生理生化指标的影响[J].中国水产科学,2015 ,22(3):433～441.
[19]North B P,Turnbull J F,Ellis T,et al.The impact of stocking density on the welfare of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) [J].Aquaculture 2006,255:466～479.
[20]Person-Le Ruyet J,Labbé L,Le Bayon N,et al.Combined effects of water quality and stocking density on welfare and growth of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) [J].Aquatic Living Resources,2008,21:185～195.
[21]Poston H A,Williams R C.Interrelations of oxygen concentration,fish density,and performance of Atlantic salmon in an ozonated water reuse system [J].The Progressive Fish-Culturist,1988,50 :69～76.
[22]曹阳,李二超,陈立侨,等.养殖密度对俄罗斯鲟幼鱼的生长、生理和免疫指标的影响[J].水生生物学报,2014,38(5):968～974.
[23]Ellis T,North B,Scott A P,et al.Therelationships between stocking density and welfare in farmed rainbow trout [J].Journal of Fish Biology,2002,61:493～531.
[24]Naderi M,Keyvanshokooh S,Salati A P,et al.Combined or individual effects of dietary vitamin E and selenium nanoparticles on humoral immune status and serum parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) under high stocking density [J].Aquaculture,2017,474:40～47.
[25]Di Marco P,Priori A,Finoia M G,et al.Physiological responses of European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax to different stocking densities and acute stress challenge [J].Aquaculture,2008,275:319～328.
[26]Lupatsch I,Santos G A,Schrama J W,et al.Effect of stocking density and feeding level on energy expenditure and stress responsiveness in European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax [J].Aquaculture,2010,298:245～250.
[27]Andrade T,Afonso A,Pérez-Jiménez A,et al.Evaluation of different stocking densities in a Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) farm:Implications for growth,humoral immune parameters and oxidative status [J].Aquaculture,2015,438:6～11.
[28]Jorgensen E H,Christiansen J S,Jobling M.Effects of stocking density on food intake,growth performance and oxygen consumption in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) [J].Aquaculture,1993,110:191～204.
[29]Papoutsoglou S E,Tziha G,Vrettos X,et al.Effects of stocking density on behavior and growth rate of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles reared in a closed circulated system [J].Aquacultural Engineering,1998,18:135～144.
[30]Millán-Cubillo A F,Martos-Sitcha J A,Ruiz-Jarabo I,et al.Low stocking density negatively affects growth,metabolism and stress pathways in juvenile specimens of meagre (Argyrosomus regius,Asso 1801) [J].Aquaculture,2016,451:87～92.
[31]Grant D V M,K R.Fish hematology and associated disorders [J].Veterinary Clinics of North America:Exotic Animal Practice,2015,18:83～103.
[32]Barcellos L J,Kreutz L C,de Souza C,et al.Hematological changes in jundiá (Rhamdia quelen Quoy and Gaimard Pimelodidae) after acute and chronic stress caused by usual aquacultural management,with emphasis on immunosuppressive effects [J].Aquaculture,2004,237:229～236.
[33]Yarahmadi P,Miandare H K,Fayaz S,et al.Increased stocking density causes changes in expression of selected stress-and immune-related genes,humoral innate immune parameters and stress responses of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) [J].Fish and Shellfish Immunology,2016,48:43～53.
[34]Vijayan M M,Leatherland J F.High stocking density affects cortisol secretion and tissue distribution in brook charr,Salvelinus fontinalis [J].Journal of Endocrinology,1990,124:311～318.
[35]Mommsen T P,Vijayan M M,Moon T W.Cortisol in teleosts:dynamics,mechanisms of action,and metabolic regulation [J].Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries,1999,9:211～268.
[36]Procarione L S,Barry T P,Malison J A.Effects of high rearing densities and loading rates on the growth and stress responses of juvenile rainbow trout [J].North American Journal of Aquaculture,1999,61:91～96.
[37]Ramsay J M,Feist G W,Varga Z M,et al.Whole-body cortisol is an indicator of crowding stress in adult zebrafish,Danio rerio [J].Aquaculture,2006,258:565～574.
[38]Dong J,Zhao Y Y,Yu Y H,et al.Effect of stocking density on growth performance,digestive enzyme activities,and nonspecific immune parameters of Palaemonetes sinensis [J].Fish and Shellfish Immunology,2018,73:37～41.
[39]Ortuňo J,Esteban M A,Meseguer J.Effects of shorteterm crowding stress on the gilthead seabream innate immune response [J].Fish and Shellfish Immunology,2001,11:187～197.
[40]Ming J,Xie J,Xu P,et al.Effects of emodin and vitamin C on growth performance,biochemical parameters and two HSP70s mRNA expression of Wuchang bream (Megalobrama amblycephala Yih) under high temperature stress [J].Fish and Shellfish Immunology,2012,32 :651～661.
[41]Martínez-Porchas M,Martínez-Córdova L R,Ramos-Enriquez R.Cortisol and glucose:reliable indicators of fish stress?[J].Pan-American Journal of Aquatic Sciences,2009,4:158～178.
[42]Ni M,Wen H S,Li J F,et al.The physiological performance and immune responses of juvenile Amur sturgeon (Acipenser schrenckii) to stocking density and hypoxia stress [J].Fish and Shellfish Immunology,2014,36:325～335.
[43]Sevcikova M,Modra H,Slaninova A,et al.Metals as a cause of oxidative stress in fish:a review [J].Veterinární Medicína,2011,56:537～546.
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