智能制造创新生态系统的功能评价体系及治理机制
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摘要
我国制造业开始引用创新生态系统的知识和方法,对传统的经营方式进行升级。智能制造是新一轮产业向数字化、网络化、信息化变革的关键技术领域,促使制造业的发展理念、竞合关系等产生根本性转变,需要借助创新生态系统的思想进行系统性指导。本文梳理了创新生态系统的功能要素,从创新能力、服务能力、支持能力和发展能力四个方面构建了智能制造创新生态系统功能的评价体系。针对每个模块的功能特征,给予了相应的系统治理建议。
Manufacturing is not only the main part of the national economy,but also the foundation of the country,the foundation of a strong country and the instrument for rejuvenating the country. In 2002,China became a major manufacturing country in the world,but it has not yet developed into a manufacturing powerhouse. China's manufacturing industry is large but not strong.There are four problems and challenges: weak independent innovation capability,outstanding product quality problems,low resource utilization efficiency,and weak strategic emerging industries. The new round of industrial technology changes and the transformation of China's economic development mode have formed a historic convergence,especially to provide significant opportunities for implementing innovation-driven development strategies. The international frontier dynamics show that building an innovative ecosystem is a key issue in the process of intelligent manufacturing industrialization. Since 2015,China has also successively issued a series of policies indicating that China has upgraded the industrial innovation of intelligent manufacturing to optimize the innovation ecosystem to the national strategic level.In addition,according to the literature,newspapers and related books,the article combs the developmenthistory of the smart manufacturing strategy of the United States,Germany and China. Among them,the United States started the earliest. In 1992,it implemented a new technology policy. In 2011,smart manufacturing was listed as a key development target. Only one year later,the first intelligent manufacturing innovation ecosystem was constructed. The development of intelligent manufacturing in Germany is located in the second phalanx of the world. It started slightly later than the United States. The company represented by Siemens brought intelligent manufacturing from the laboratory to actual production,making the Berg factory a model of"Industry 4. 0". As early as 1993,China established the major project of the Natural Science Foundation"Key Technology of Intelligent Manufacturing System",but the overall development is relatively slow,lagging behind developed countries in Europe and America,and located in the third array.Through a large number of literature readings,this paper finds that the existing research has the following characteristics:First,most scholars focus on the main function of the innovation ecosystem to influence the upgrading of the innovation main technology,and do not carry out the functions of other auxiliary units and the system inorganic environment. Second,scholars' discussion of the innovation ecosystem focuses on theoretical expansion,and few studies integrate relevant theories and methods with actual industrial upgrading. Third,scholars carry out the functional structure of the innovation ecosystem from different perspectives and dimensions. However,analyses have not yet been systematically combed,lacking a complete functional evaluation system. In view of the shortcomings of the current development of traditional manufacturing industry in China,the article introduces the ideas and methods of the innovation ecosystem,and solves the four major problems by constructing an intelligent manufacturing innovation ecosystem.Intelligent manufacturing has three dimensional scopes,from intelligent production lines,intelligent workshops,smart factories,smart connected production to intelligent industrial systems. The intelligent manufacturing innovation ecosystem reflects different technical levels,functional contents and system structures at different levels. The main content structure can be divided into rule layer,behavior layer and resource layer. Among them,the behavioral layer is composed of R&D-type enterprises,universities,and technology intermediaries,and forms a technical network through mutual cooperation or competitive behavior. The Institute of Technology and the core enterprises constitute the"core layer of ecology". As a leader in the industry,star companies play a role in the technological transformation of the intelligent manufacturing industry. The organic body of the rule layer is the government department. As a promoter of strategic emerging technologies,it leads the construction of the"rule layer ecology"of the innovation ecosystem. The government departments cooperate with industry associations,professional think tank institutions,and demonstration enterprises to formulate and improve supporting policies,system norms,industry standards,and standards systems,and formulate forward-looking development strategies for the innovation ecosystem. The infrastructure and inorganic environment form the resource layer of the innovation ecosystem. The technical environment of intelligent manufacturing includes basic research knowledge such as advanced manufacturing,artificial intelligence,big data optimization decision-making,and the construction of basic technical equipment such as the Internet,numerical control equipment,and robot technology.Based on previous scholars' theoretical development of the innovation ecosystem and the research of intelligent manufacturing industry,this paper has divided the functional elements of the intelligent manufacturing innovation ecosystem into four modules: the innovation ability of the organic subject,the service ability of the auxiliary organization,and the support of the inorganic environment. System development capabilities and the independent innovation capability of the innovation ecosystem require not only the assessment of the creation process of the technology or products in the laboratory,but also the process of improvement,application and diffusion of new technologies and new products. The innovation ecosystem has the basic characteristics of the ecosystem. The innovation process of the organic body within the system is determined not only by its own innovation consciousness,innovation input,but also by the service capabilities and inorganic environmental support capabilities of other auxiliary institutions within the system. The construction of the auxiliary organization and the quality of service affect the innovation capability of the entire system. Intelligent manufacturing is a top equipment manufacturing industry,and technical intermediaries and technical associations are its main auxiliary institutions. The inorganic environment is mainly determined by policy elements and economic factors,providing a stable and suitable place for system innovation. The intelligent manufacturing innovation ecosystem is an organization with sustainable development and dynamic growth characteristics. The development capability of the system determines the degree of industrial technology change in the future. The openness of the system is one of the main influencing factors of its future innovation ability. The talent reserve is the living force of the system,and it is an indispensable element to play its function. The system culture needs the inter-subjects,the subject and the environment within the system. Elements such as experience of long-term contact are elements that other systems cannot replicate. Based on the functional analysis of the intelligent manufacturing innovation ecosystem above,a total of 27 indicators were selected based on the principles of comprehensiveness,comparability and operability to establish a functional evaluation system for the intelligent manufacturing innovation ecosystem.Finally,the article pays attention to the development strategy,functional structure,behavioral norms,and environmental optimization,and proposes corresponding governance mechanisms: system development strategy governance,system function structure governance,member behavior normative governance,and innovation environment optimization governance.
Manufacturing is not only the main part of the national economy,but also the foundation of the country,the foundation of a strong country and the instrument for rejuvenating the country. In 2002,China became a major manufacturing country in the world,but it has not yet developed into a manufacturing powerhouse. China's manufacturing industry is large but not strong.There are four problems and challenges: weak independent innovation capability,outstanding product quality problems,low resource utilization efficiency,and weak strategic emerging industries. The new round of industrial technology changes and the transformation of China's economic development mode have formed a historic convergence,especially to provide significant opportunities for implementing innovation-driven development strategies. The international frontier dynamics show that building an innovative ecosystem is a key issue in the process of intelligent manufacturing industrialization. Since 2015,China has also successively issued a series of policies indicating that China has upgraded the industrial innovation of intelligent manufacturing to optimize the innovation ecosystem to the national strategic level.In addition,according to the literature,newspapers and related books,the article combs the developmenthistory of the smart manufacturing strategy of the United States,Germany and China. Among them,the United States started the earliest. In 1992,it implemented a new technology policy. In 2011,smart manufacturing was listed as a key development target. Only one year later,the first intelligent manufacturing innovation ecosystem was constructed. The development of intelligent manufacturing in Germany is located in the second phalanx of the world. It started slightly later than the United States. The company represented by Siemens brought intelligent manufacturing from the laboratory to actual production,making the Berg factory a model of"Industry 4. 0". As early as 1993,China established the major project of the Natural Science Foundation"Key Technology of Intelligent Manufacturing System",but the overall development is relatively slow,lagging behind developed countries in Europe and America,and located in the third array.Through a large number of literature readings,this paper finds that the existing research has the following characteristics:First,most scholars focus on the main function of the innovation ecosystem to influence the upgrading of the innovation main technology,and do not carry out the functions of other auxiliary units and the system inorganic environment. Second,scholars' discussion of the innovation ecosystem focuses on theoretical expansion,and few studies integrate relevant theories and methods with actual industrial upgrading. Third,scholars carry out the functional structure of the innovation ecosystem from different perspectives and dimensions. However,analyses have not yet been systematically combed,lacking a complete functional evaluation system. In view of the shortcomings of the current development of traditional manufacturing industry in China,the article introduces the ideas and methods of the innovation ecosystem,and solves the four major problems by constructing an intelligent manufacturing innovation ecosystem.Intelligent manufacturing has three dimensional scopes,from intelligent production lines,intelligent workshops,smart factories,smart connected production to intelligent industrial systems. The intelligent manufacturing innovation ecosystem reflects different technical levels,functional contents and system structures at different levels. The main content structure can be divided into rule layer,behavior layer and resource layer. Among them,the behavioral layer is composed of R&D-type enterprises,universities,and technology intermediaries,and forms a technical network through mutual cooperation or competitive behavior. The Institute of Technology and the core enterprises constitute the"core layer of ecology". As a leader in the industry,star companies play a role in the technological transformation of the intelligent manufacturing industry. The organic body of the rule layer is the government department. As a promoter of strategic emerging technologies,it leads the construction of the"rule layer ecology"of the innovation ecosystem. The government departments cooperate with industry associations,professional think tank institutions,and demonstration enterprises to formulate and improve supporting policies,system norms,industry standards,and standards systems,and formulate forward-looking development strategies for the innovation ecosystem. The infrastructure and inorganic environment form the resource layer of the innovation ecosystem. The technical environment of intelligent manufacturing includes basic research knowledge such as advanced manufacturing,artificial intelligence,big data optimization decision-making,and the construction of basic technical equipment such as the Internet,numerical control equipment,and robot technology.Based on previous scholars' theoretical development of the innovation ecosystem and the research of intelligent manufacturing industry,this paper has divided the functional elements of the intelligent manufacturing innovation ecosystem into four modules: the innovation ability of the organic subject,the service ability of the auxiliary organization,and the support of the inorganic environment. System development capabilities and the independent innovation capability of the innovation ecosystem require not only the assessment of the creation process of the technology or products in the laboratory,but also the process of improvement,application and diffusion of new technologies and new products. The innovation ecosystem has the basic characteristics of the ecosystem. The innovation process of the organic body within the system is determined not only by its own innovation consciousness,innovation input,but also by the service capabilities and inorganic environmental support capabilities of other auxiliary institutions within the system. The construction of the auxiliary organization and the quality of service affect the innovation capability of the entire system. Intelligent manufacturing is a top equipment manufacturing industry,and technical intermediaries and technical associations are its main auxiliary institutions. The inorganic environment is mainly determined by policy elements and economic factors,providing a stable and suitable place for system innovation. The intelligent manufacturing innovation ecosystem is an organization with sustainable development and dynamic growth characteristics. The development capability of the system determines the degree of industrial technology change in the future. The openness of the system is one of the main influencing factors of its future innovation ability. The talent reserve is the living force of the system,and it is an indispensable element to play its function. The system culture needs the inter-subjects,the subject and the environment within the system. Elements such as experience of long-term contact are elements that other systems cannot replicate. Based on the functional analysis of the intelligent manufacturing innovation ecosystem above,a total of 27 indicators were selected based on the principles of comprehensiveness,comparability and operability to establish a functional evaluation system for the intelligent manufacturing innovation ecosystem.Finally,the article pays attention to the development strategy,functional structure,behavioral norms,and environmental optimization,and proposes corresponding governance mechanisms: system development strategy governance,system function structure governance,member behavior normative governance,and innovation environment optimization governance.
引文
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[4]周青,陈畴镛.中国区域技术创新生态系统适宜度的实证研究[J].科学学研究,2008,26(s1):242-246.Zhou Qing,Chen Chouyong.An empirical study on the suitability of regional technology innovation ecosystem in China[J].Stndies in Science of Science,2008,26(s1):242-246.
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[6]李海舰.关于高技术产业化问题的几点认识[J].中国工业经济,2000(10):21-24.Li Haijian.Some understandings on the issue of high-tech industrialization[J].Chinese Industrial Economy,2000(10):21-24.
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[8]黄群慧,贺俊.“第三次工业革命”与中国经济发展战略调整-技术经济范式转变的视角[J].中国工业经济,2013(1):05-18.Huang Qunhui,He Jun."The Third Industrial Revolution"and the adjustment of China’s economic development strategy:A perspective of the transformation of technological economic paradigm[J].Chinese Industrial Economy,2013(1):05-18.
[9]金碚.工业的使命和价值---中国产业转型升级的理论逻辑[J].中国工业经济,2014(9):51-64.Jin Bei.The mission and value of industry:Theoretical logic of China’s industrial transformation and upgrading[J].Chinese Industrial Economy,2014(9):51-64.
[10]朱卫平,陈林.产业升级的内涵与模式研究---以广东产业升级为例[J].经济学家,2011(2):60-66.Zhu Weiping,Chen Lin.Research on the connotation and model of industrial upgrade:Taking Guangdong industrial upgrade as an example[J].Economist,2011(2):60-66.
[11]曾国屏,苟尤钊,刘磊.从“创新系统”到“创新生态系统”[J].科学学研究,2013,31(1):04-12.Zeng Guoping,Gou Youzhao,Liu Lei.From“innovation systems”to“innovation ecosystems”[J].Studies in Science of Science,2013,31(1):04-12.
[12]丁大尉,李正风,胡明艳.新兴技术发展的潜在风险及技术治理问题研究[J].中国软科学,2013(6):62-70.Ding Dawei,Li Zhengfeng,Hu Mingyan.Research on potential risks and technology governance issues in emerging technology development[J].China Soft Science,2013(6):62-70.
[13]黄鲁成.区域技术创新系统研究:生态学的思考[J].科学学研究,2003,21(2):215-219.Huang Lucheng.Regional technology innovation system research:Thinking of ecology[J].Studies in Science of Science,2003,21(2):215-219.
[14]朱迪·埃斯特琳.美国创新在衰退?[M].机械工业出版社,2010.Judy Estrin.Is US innovation in recession?[M].Mechanical Industry Press,2010.
[15]Fukuda K,Watanabe C.Japanese and US perspectives on the national innovation ecosystem[J].Technology in Society,2008,30(1):49-63.
[16]林慧岳,未晓霞,庞增霞.我国技术哲学文化转向的实证研究---“三大期刊”与“两大中心”技术文化类论文分析[J].自然辩证法通讯,2012(6):96-102+130.Lin Huiyue,Wei Xiaoxia,Pang Zengxia.An empirical study on the cultural turn of China’s technology philosophy:Analysis of the"Three Major Journals"and"Two Major Centers"[J].Dialectics of Nature,2012(6):96-102+130.
[17]秦书生.技术创新系统复杂性与自组织[J].系统科学学报,2004,12(2):62-67.Qin Shusheng.Technology innovation system complexity and self-organization[J].Journal of Systems Science,2004,12(2):62-67.
[18]Rahul Kapoor and Joon Mahn Lee.Coordinating and competing in ecosystems:How organization forms shape new technology investments[J].Strategic Management Journal,2013,(34):274-296.
[19]Cefis E,Orsenigo L.The persistence of innovative activities:A cross-countries and cross-sectors com-parative analysis[J].Research Policy,2001,30(7):1139-1158.
[20]朱方长.技术生态对技术创新的作用机制研究[J].科研管理,2005,26(4):08-14.Zhu Fangchang.Research on the mechanism of technology ecology to technology innovation[J].Science Research Management,2005,26(4):08-14.
[21]毛荐其,刘娜,陈雷.基于技术生态的技术自组织演化机理研究[J].科学学研究,2011,29(6):819-824.Mao Jianqi,Liu Na,Chen Lei.Research on self-organization evolution mechanism of technology based on technology ecology[J].Studies in Science of Science,2011,29(6):819-824.
[22]黄鲁成.区域技术创新生态系统的制约因子与应变策略[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2006,27(11):93-97.Huang Lucheng.Restrictive factors and contingency strategies for regional technology innovation ecosystem[J].Science and Science and Technology Management,2006,27(11):93-97.
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