拖拉机链式金属带功率分流无级变速箱换段品质分析（英文）
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摘要
拖拉机链式金属带功率分流无级变速箱具有多个工作区段,带载换段时容易产生冲击甚至引起动力中断,是该类变速箱研发过程中迫切需要解决的问题。目前该领域研究较少,为了揭示各因素对链式金属带功率分流无级变速拖拉机换段品质的影响规律及作用机理,本研究对其换段过程进行了仿真研究。首先,阐述了所研究拖拉机链式金属带功率分流无级变速箱的传动原理,分别从无级调速特性、牵引特性、PTO功率和燃油经济性等方面对其可行性进行了计算分析;其次,构建了链式金属带功率分流无级变速箱换段液压系统的动力学模型并进行了试验验证,以此为基础,进一步构建了变速箱及拖拉机整机换段动力学模型;最后,给出了换段品质的3项评价指标,并对各因素对换段品质的影响规律及机理进行了仿真研究。仿真结果表明:该变速箱的传动特性与传统机械换挡变速箱相当,但燃油经济性优于传统机械换挡变速箱(低速重载工况下小时油耗降低约0.3 kg/h)和传统金属带无级变速箱(系统比油耗降低约20 g/(kW·h))。此外,较低的发动机转速(1 200 r/min)、适中的充油压力(5 MPa)、较高的充油流量(10 L/min)、理想换段点前换段(提前约0.2 s)与重叠时序换段(重叠约0.2 s)均可改善换段品质,而变速箱输出轴转动惯量、拖拉机质量以及负载等因素对换段品质的影响较为复杂,各项指标对其换段品质的评价并不统一,在拖拉机设计阶段需要综合考虑。链式金属带功率分流无级变速箱非常适合中小功率拖拉机传动,不仅经济,而且换段品质具有可控性,具有继续研究的价值,该研究结果可为中小功率无级变速拖拉机传动系统的设计提供理论支撑。
The tractor equipped with steel belt power split CVT(continuously variable transmission) has multiple work sections, and it is easy to generate impact or even cause power interruption when shifting under load, which is an urgent problem to be solved in the development of this type of transmission. There are few studies in this field at present. In order to reveal the influence laws and mechanism of various factors on shift quality of tractor equipped with steel belt power split CVT, the shift process was simulated and a map representation method reflecting the overall trend of shift quality affected by 2 related factors(engine speed and load, terminational pressure and limited flow, shift starting time and shift timing sequence, tractor moment of inertia and tractor mass) was proposed. First of all, the transmission principle and the performance characteristics of the tractor equipped with steel belt power split CVT were described, including the speed regulation principle of the steel belt power split CVT, the tractive characteristics of the tractor, the maximum output power of the PTO and the fuel economy of the transmission. Secondly, the dynamic model about shift hydraulic system of the steel belt power split CVT was constructed and confirmed by 8 groups test under different terminational pressure, limited flow and shift timing sequence. Based on this, the tractor dynamic model including engine, steel belt power split CVT and rear axle was built. Finally, 3 evaluation indexes of shift quality, namely peak acceleration of tractor, dynamic load coefficient of transmission output shaft and sliding-friction work of clutch, were given. And the simulation about the influence laws and mechanism of various factors on shift quality was carried out. The results showed that the steel belt power split CVT not only could achieve sufficient power output, but also was more economical than the traditional transmission. The system fuel consumption of the steel belt power split CVT was about 20 g/(kW·h) lower than that of the traditional steel belt CVT under the same working condition. Lower engine speed(1 200 r/min), medium terminational pressure(5 MPa), higher limited flow(10 L/min), shifting before ideal shift point(0.2 s) and shift in overlapping sequence(0.2 s) all could improve the shift quality. However, the influence of transmission output shaft moment of inertia, tractor mass, as well as load on shift quality is complex, evaluation of each index on shift quality is not uniform, which needs to be synthetically considered at tractor design stage. According to the study, it is concluded that the steel belt power split CVT not only has high fuel economy, but also has simple shift laws and good controllability of shift quality, which has a good application prospect in medium and small power tractors. The research can provide theoretical support for transmission system design of the steel belt power split CVT.
The tractor equipped with steel belt power split CVT(continuously variable transmission) has multiple work sections, and it is easy to generate impact or even cause power interruption when shifting under load, which is an urgent problem to be solved in the development of this type of transmission. There are few studies in this field at present. In order to reveal the influence laws and mechanism of various factors on shift quality of tractor equipped with steel belt power split CVT, the shift process was simulated and a map representation method reflecting the overall trend of shift quality affected by 2 related factors(engine speed and load, terminational pressure and limited flow, shift starting time and shift timing sequence, tractor moment of inertia and tractor mass) was proposed. First of all, the transmission principle and the performance characteristics of the tractor equipped with steel belt power split CVT were described, including the speed regulation principle of the steel belt power split CVT, the tractive characteristics of the tractor, the maximum output power of the PTO and the fuel economy of the transmission. Secondly, the dynamic model about shift hydraulic system of the steel belt power split CVT was constructed and confirmed by 8 groups test under different terminational pressure, limited flow and shift timing sequence. Based on this, the tractor dynamic model including engine, steel belt power split CVT and rear axle was built. Finally, 3 evaluation indexes of shift quality, namely peak acceleration of tractor, dynamic load coefficient of transmission output shaft and sliding-friction work of clutch, were given. And the simulation about the influence laws and mechanism of various factors on shift quality was carried out. The results showed that the steel belt power split CVT not only could achieve sufficient power output, but also was more economical than the traditional transmission. The system fuel consumption of the steel belt power split CVT was about 20 g/(kW·h) lower than that of the traditional steel belt CVT under the same working condition. Lower engine speed(1 200 r/min), medium terminational pressure(5 MPa), higher limited flow(10 L/min), shifting before ideal shift point(0.2 s) and shift in overlapping sequence(0.2 s) all could improve the shift quality. However, the influence of transmission output shaft moment of inertia, tractor mass, as well as load on shift quality is complex, evaluation of each index on shift quality is not uniform, which needs to be synthetically considered at tractor design stage. According to the study, it is concluded that the steel belt power split CVT not only has high fuel economy, but also has simple shift laws and good controllability of shift quality, which has a good application prospect in medium and small power tractors. The research can provide theoretical support for transmission system design of the steel belt power split CVT.
引文
[1]Zhao Yanshui,Yang Weimin.Technological development of agricultural tractor[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2010,41(6):42-48.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[2]Renius K T.Stufenlose drehzahl-drehmoment-wandler in Ackerschleppergetrieben[J].Grundlagen der Landtechnik,1969,19(4):109-118.
[3]Zhu Sihong,Miao Xiaohong,Yin Wenqing,et al.Development trend of tire tractor in Germany[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2002,33(1):111-114.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]Bukashkin A Y,Dobretsov R Y,Galyshev Y V.Split transmission of tractor with automatic gearbox[J].Procedia Engineering,2017,206(1):1728-1734.
[5]Renius K T,Resch R.Continuously variable tractor transmissions[C]//Agricultural Equipment Technology Conference.Louisville:ASME,2005:5-37.
[6]Kirste,T.Development of a 30 kW research tractor as a study for low noise concepts[R].Düsseldorf:VDI-Verlag,1989.
[7]Rotella D,Cammalleri M.Power losses in power-split CVTs:A fast black-box approximate method[J].Mechanism and Machine Theory,2018,128(10):528-543.
[8]Cammalleri M,Rotella D.Functional design of power-split CVTs:An uncoupled hierarchical optimized model[J].Mechanism and Machine Theory,2017,116(10):294-309.
[9]Wang Zhen,Cui Yahui,Liu Kai,et al.Dynamic characteristic of metal pushing belt-planetary gear continuously variable transmission[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(12):391-397,384.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]Ma Hongtao.Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis of Planetary Reverse Mechanism for Metal V-belt Continuous Variable Transmission[D].Changsha:Hunan University,2012.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]Zhang Wu,Zhang Chuanwei,Guo Wei,et al.Research on modeling and bending stress distribution of a new metal belt continuously variable transmission[J].Mechanism and Machine Theory,2017(116):220-233.
[12]Raikwara S,Tewaria V K,Mukhopadhyay S,et al.Simulation of components of a power shuttle transmission system for an agricultural tractor[J].Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,2015,114(6):114-124.
[13]Kim Y J,Chung S O,Choi C H.Development of automation technology for manual transmission of a 50 HP autonomous tractor[J].IFAC,2018,51(17):20-22.
[14]Duncan J R,Wegscheid E L.Determinants of off-road vehicle transmission‘shift quality’[J].Applied Ergonomics,1985,16(3):173-178.
[15]Kuras B D.Method and apparatus for adaptively shifting ranges in a continuously variable transmission:US,6295497[P].2001-09-25.
[16]Coutant A R,Marr J D.Method for controlling shift points in a continuously variable transmission:US,5624339[P].1997-04-29.
[17]Kim D C,Kim K U,Park Y J,et al.Analysis of shifting performance of power shuttle transmission[J].Journal of Terramechanics,2007,44(2):111-122.
[18]Baumann J,Klittich M.Dynamic system simulation for model based design of tractor power train component[R].Düsseldorf:VDI-Berichte,2008.
[19]Iqbal S,Al-Bender F,Ompusunggu A P,et al.Modeling and analysis of wet friction clutch engagement dynamics[J].Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing,2015,60(8):420-436.
[20]Oh J Y,Park J Y,Cho J W,et al.Influence of a clutch control current profile to improve shift quality for a wheel loader automatic transmission[J].International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing,2017,18(2):211-219.
[21]Kress J H.Variable-Speed Transmission Combined With Planetary Drive:US,3251243[P].1962-5-21.
[22]Zhou Zhili,Fang Zaihua,Zhang Wenchun.Computer aided analysis on the theoretical tractive characteristics of tractor[J].Journal of Luoyang Institute of Technology,1993,14(1):1-6.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]Zhang Wenchun,Fang Zaihua.Mathematical model of theoretical traction characteristic curve and computer drawing program[J].Tractor,1987(5):23-28.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]Wang Guangming,Zhu Sihong,Shi Lixin,et al.Simulation and experiment on efficiency characteristics of hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission for tractor[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2013,29(15):42-48.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]Akehurst S,Vaughan N D,Parker D A,et al.Modelling of loss mechanisms in a pushing metal V-belt continuously variable transmission.Part 1:Torque losses due to band friction[J].Journal of Automobile Engineering,2004,218(11):1269-1281.
[26]Akehurst S,Vaughan N D,Parker D A,et al.Modelling of loss mechanisms in a pushing metal V-belt continuously variable transmission.Part 2:Pulley deflection losses and total torque loss validation[J].Journal of Automobile Engineering,2004,218(11):1283-1293.
[27]Akehurst S,Vaughan N D,Parker D A,et al.Modelling of loss mechanisms in a pushing metal V-belt continuously variable transmission.Part 3:Belt slip losses[J].Journal of Automobile Engineering,Proceedings part D,2004,218(11):1295-1306.
[28]Iqbal S,AI-Bender F,Ompusunggu A P,et al.Modeling and analysis of wet friction clutch engagement dynamics[J].Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing,2015,60(8):420-436.
[29]Wang Guangming,Zhang Xiaohui,Zhu Sihong,et al.Dynamic simulation on shift process of tractor hydraulic power split continuously variable transmission during acceleration[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2016,32(9):30-39.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[30]Amdt T,Tarasow A,Bohn C,et al.Estimation of the clutch characteristic map for wet clutch transmissions considering actuator signal and clutch slip[J].IFAC,2016,49(11):742-748.
[31]ITI GmbH.ITI SimulationX help menue[M].Dresden:ITIGmbH Headquarters,2010.
[32]Wang Guangming,Zhang Xiaohui,Zhu Sihong,et al.Dynamic simulation on shift process of tractor hydraulic power split continuously variable transmission during acceleration[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2016,32(9):30-39.(in English with Chinese abstract)
[33]Imagine S A.AMESim Documentation[M].Roanne,France:Imagine S.A,2007.
[34]Wang Guangming,Zhu Sihong,Shi Lixin,et al.Experimental optimization on shift control of hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission for tractor[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2013,29(18):51-59.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[2]Renius K T.Stufenlose drehzahl-drehmoment-wandler in Ackerschleppergetrieben[J].Grundlagen der Landtechnik,1969,19(4):109-118.
[3]Zhu Sihong,Miao Xiaohong,Yin Wenqing,et al.Development trend of tire tractor in Germany[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2002,33(1):111-114.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]Bukashkin A Y,Dobretsov R Y,Galyshev Y V.Split transmission of tractor with automatic gearbox[J].Procedia Engineering,2017,206(1):1728-1734.
[5]Renius K T,Resch R.Continuously variable tractor transmissions[C]//Agricultural Equipment Technology Conference.Louisville:ASME,2005:5-37.
[6]Kirste,T.Development of a 30 kW research tractor as a study for low noise concepts[R].Düsseldorf:VDI-Verlag,1989.
[7]Rotella D,Cammalleri M.Power losses in power-split CVTs:A fast black-box approximate method[J].Mechanism and Machine Theory,2018,128(10):528-543.
[8]Cammalleri M,Rotella D.Functional design of power-split CVTs:An uncoupled hierarchical optimized model[J].Mechanism and Machine Theory,2017,116(10):294-309.
[9]Wang Zhen,Cui Yahui,Liu Kai,et al.Dynamic characteristic of metal pushing belt-planetary gear continuously variable transmission[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(12):391-397,384.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]Ma Hongtao.Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis of Planetary Reverse Mechanism for Metal V-belt Continuous Variable Transmission[D].Changsha:Hunan University,2012.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]Zhang Wu,Zhang Chuanwei,Guo Wei,et al.Research on modeling and bending stress distribution of a new metal belt continuously variable transmission[J].Mechanism and Machine Theory,2017(116):220-233.
[12]Raikwara S,Tewaria V K,Mukhopadhyay S,et al.Simulation of components of a power shuttle transmission system for an agricultural tractor[J].Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,2015,114(6):114-124.
[13]Kim Y J,Chung S O,Choi C H.Development of automation technology for manual transmission of a 50 HP autonomous tractor[J].IFAC,2018,51(17):20-22.
[14]Duncan J R,Wegscheid E L.Determinants of off-road vehicle transmission‘shift quality’[J].Applied Ergonomics,1985,16(3):173-178.
[15]Kuras B D.Method and apparatus for adaptively shifting ranges in a continuously variable transmission:US,6295497[P].2001-09-25.
[16]Coutant A R,Marr J D.Method for controlling shift points in a continuously variable transmission:US,5624339[P].1997-04-29.
[17]Kim D C,Kim K U,Park Y J,et al.Analysis of shifting performance of power shuttle transmission[J].Journal of Terramechanics,2007,44(2):111-122.
[18]Baumann J,Klittich M.Dynamic system simulation for model based design of tractor power train component[R].Düsseldorf:VDI-Berichte,2008.
[19]Iqbal S,Al-Bender F,Ompusunggu A P,et al.Modeling and analysis of wet friction clutch engagement dynamics[J].Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing,2015,60(8):420-436.
[20]Oh J Y,Park J Y,Cho J W,et al.Influence of a clutch control current profile to improve shift quality for a wheel loader automatic transmission[J].International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing,2017,18(2):211-219.
[21]Kress J H.Variable-Speed Transmission Combined With Planetary Drive:US,3251243[P].1962-5-21.
[22]Zhou Zhili,Fang Zaihua,Zhang Wenchun.Computer aided analysis on the theoretical tractive characteristics of tractor[J].Journal of Luoyang Institute of Technology,1993,14(1):1-6.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]Zhang Wenchun,Fang Zaihua.Mathematical model of theoretical traction characteristic curve and computer drawing program[J].Tractor,1987(5):23-28.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]Wang Guangming,Zhu Sihong,Shi Lixin,et al.Simulation and experiment on efficiency characteristics of hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission for tractor[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2013,29(15):42-48.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]Akehurst S,Vaughan N D,Parker D A,et al.Modelling of loss mechanisms in a pushing metal V-belt continuously variable transmission.Part 1:Torque losses due to band friction[J].Journal of Automobile Engineering,2004,218(11):1269-1281.
[26]Akehurst S,Vaughan N D,Parker D A,et al.Modelling of loss mechanisms in a pushing metal V-belt continuously variable transmission.Part 2:Pulley deflection losses and total torque loss validation[J].Journal of Automobile Engineering,2004,218(11):1283-1293.
[27]Akehurst S,Vaughan N D,Parker D A,et al.Modelling of loss mechanisms in a pushing metal V-belt continuously variable transmission.Part 3:Belt slip losses[J].Journal of Automobile Engineering,Proceedings part D,2004,218(11):1295-1306.
[28]Iqbal S,AI-Bender F,Ompusunggu A P,et al.Modeling and analysis of wet friction clutch engagement dynamics[J].Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing,2015,60(8):420-436.
[29]Wang Guangming,Zhang Xiaohui,Zhu Sihong,et al.Dynamic simulation on shift process of tractor hydraulic power split continuously variable transmission during acceleration[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2016,32(9):30-39.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[30]Amdt T,Tarasow A,Bohn C,et al.Estimation of the clutch characteristic map for wet clutch transmissions considering actuator signal and clutch slip[J].IFAC,2016,49(11):742-748.
[31]ITI GmbH.ITI SimulationX help menue[M].Dresden:ITIGmbH Headquarters,2010.
[32]Wang Guangming,Zhang Xiaohui,Zhu Sihong,et al.Dynamic simulation on shift process of tractor hydraulic power split continuously variable transmission during acceleration[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2016,32(9):30-39.(in English with Chinese abstract)
[33]Imagine S A.AMESim Documentation[M].Roanne,France:Imagine S.A,2007.
[34]Wang Guangming,Zhu Sihong,Shi Lixin,et al.Experimental optimization on shift control of hydraulic mechanical continuously variable transmission for tractor[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2013,29(18):51-59.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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